Introduction
⌅Ruminants have a very important role in human nutrition because they produce practically all the milk and a third of the meat consumed in the world. The grasses and forages constitute the natural food of ruminants and represent the most abundant and least costly food source (Ruiz et al. 2021Ruiz, T.E., Rodríguez, B., Padilla, C., Valenciaga, N., Lok, S., Galindo, J., Savón, L., Chongo, B., La O, O., Torres, V., Gutiérrez, D., Scull, I., Rodríguez, R., Valenciaga, D., López, J.R., Alonso, J., Medina, Y., Cino, D.M., Vázquez, Y. & Castro, J.A. 2021. Tithonia diversifolia Another Bush Alternative for Use in Silvopastoral Systems in Cuba. Avances de Investigación Agropecuaria, 25(3): 211-214, ISSN: 0188-7890. https://doi.org/10.53897/RevAIA.21.25.64. and Arias et al. 2023Arias, L.M., López, M., Castillo, M. & Alpízar, A. 2023. Fertilization type and regrowth age of Tithonia diversifolia on ruminal parameters. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 34(3): 53192, ISSN: 2215-3608. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.2023.53192.). However, much of the forage used are grasses of moderate productivity and quality, which require certain levels of supplementation to improve animal productivity.
In Cuba, the cooperative sector has the main weight of animal production, but it lacks products and technologies that allow it to enhance its production through the efficient use of local resources and minimize production costs. Therefore, under the current conditions in the country, this sector must be provided with technologies and products adapted to the production scale, so as to guarantee improved quality and efficiency of nutrient use by ruminants and, consequently, increased productivity.
Silage can be a way to preserve and obtain food with adequate nutritional quality for the dry period. However, grass forages have a variable nutritional composition (Rojas-Cordero et al. 2020Rojas-Cordero, D., Alpízar-Naranjo, A., Castillo-Umaña, M. & López-Herrera, M. 2020. Efecto de la inclusión de Musa sp. en la conservación de Morus alba Linn. Pastos y Forrajes, 43(3): 210-219, ISSN: 2078-8452. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-03942020000300210&lng=es&tlng=es.), high fiber content and low digestibility (Ku Vera et al. 2014Ku Vera, J.C., Briceño, E.G., Ruiz, A., Mayo, R., Ayala, A.J., Aguilar, C.F., Solorio, F.J. & Ramírez, L. 2014. Manipulation of the energy metabolism of ruminants in the tropics: options for improving meat and milk production and quality. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 48(1): 43-53, ISSN: 2079-3480. https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/426. ). Therefore, the production of protein shrub silages or their inclusion in mixtures in grass silages can improve the quality of the product obtained under the practical conditions of the tropics.
Among the protein plants used as forage in the tropics is Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray, a species of high nutritional quality that provides high protein content and lower fiber and lignin content, which can complement the deficiencies of grasses, generating positive effects on digestibility and ruminal methane emissions (Arias et al. 2023Arias, L.M., López, M., Castillo, M. & Alpízar, A. 2023. Fertilization type and regrowth age of Tithonia diversifolia on ruminal parameters. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 34(3): 53192, ISSN: 2215-3608. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.2023.53192.).
However, its protein content can cause unwanted fermentations that affect the preservation of the material, so the use of acidifying products that limit these fermentations should be considered. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of silages obtained from T. diversifolia, alone or mixed with forage from Cenchrus purpureus vc. Cuba 608, ensiled with or without vinasse.
Materials and Methods
⌅The experiments were conducted from November to December 2023 at Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA), located between 22º 58 N and 82º 02 W and at 80 m o. s. l.
Obtaining silage: For the preparation of silages, forages of C. purpureus cv. CT-608 and the shrubby T. diversifolia vc. IcaCuba Occ-10 were used, both with a regrowth age between 90 and 100 d. The collection of the two materials was carried out in the experimental areas of Miguel Sistach Experimental Station, established on typical red ferralitic soil, with rapid drying and uniform profile (Hernández et al. 2015Hernández, J.A., Pérez, J.J.M., Bosch, I.D. & Castro, S.N. 2015. Clasificación de los suelos de Cuba 2015. Mayabeque, Cuba: Ediciones INCA, 93 p., ISBN: 978-959-7023-77-7.).
Vinasse was used as an additive, obtained in the final alcoholic fermentation process of molasses at Habana Club S.A. distillery in San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque.
The following treatments were evaluated:
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Fresh Tithonia forage silage (100 %)
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Fresh Tithonia forage silage (100 %) + vinasse (4 % on a wet basis)
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Fresh forage silage from Tithonia and Cenchrus [50:50]
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Fresh forage silage of Tithonia and Cenchrus [50:50] + vinasse (4 % on a wet basis)
The grass and tree material were obtained by hand cutting. Both were transported fresh and chopped in a forage mill to a particle size of 20-30 mm. The different proportions of forages were mixed with vinasse and compacted in microsilos made of PVC pipes (24 cm x 10 cm) (Gutiérrez et al. 2015Gutiérrez, D., Borjas-Rojas, E., Rodríguez-Hernández, R., Rodríguez, Z., Stuart, R. & Sarduy, L. 2015. Evaluación de la composición química y degradabilidad ruminal in situ de ensilaje mixto con Cenchrus purpureus cv. Cuba CT-169: Moringa oleifera. Avances en Investigación Agropecuaria, 19(3): 7-16, ISSN: 0188-7890.). Finally, the microsilos were hermetically sealed and placed for 60 days in a protected and dry location. At the end of the ensiling process, the microsilos were opened and a 10 g sample was taken from each one, 90 mL of distilled water was added and it was mixed in an orbital sieve at 250 r.p.m for 15 min at 20 °C.Then, the mixture was filtered through gauze and the pH of the filtrate was measured (Everich pH meter, PHSJ-3F, China). Approximately 200 g were taken from each microsilo and dried to constant weight in a forced air oven with regulated temperature (60 ºC). They were ground in a hammer mill until a particle size of 1 mm was reached. The dried material from each microsilo was stored individually in sealed nylon bags for chemical composition analysis.
Chemical analysis: To determine the chemical composition of forages and silages, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) were determined (AOAC 2016AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 2016. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 20th Ed. George W. Latimer Jr (ed). Ed. AOAC International, Rockville MD, USA, ISBN: 978-0935-584-875. Available at: http://www.directtextbook.com/isbn/9780935584875, [Consulted: October 13, 2025].). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were quantified by the procedure described by van Soest et al. (1991)Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. & Lewis, B.A. 1991. Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10): 3583-3597, ISSN: 1525-3198. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2..
At the end of the ensiling process, the organoleptic characteristics of the silage were determined, according to table 1 (Chaverra Gil and Eusse 2000Chaverra Gil, H. & Eusse, J.B. 2000. Ensilaje en la alimentación de ganado vacuno. IICA. Tercer Mundo Editores. Bogotá, Colombia. 123 p, ISBN: 958-9328-26_1. ). For this purpose, an evaluation panel made up of nine members was used, all associated with the Ruminant and Grasses and Forage Departments from ICA (five researchers and four research technicians). The panelists described the organoleptic characteristics of the samples made available to them, without previously knowing which treatment they corresponded to.
| Indicator | EXCELLENT | GOOD | REGULAR | BAD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| COLOR | Olive green or dark yellow | Yellowish-green, Stems with a paler tone than the leaves | Dark green | Dark brown, almost black, or black |
| ODOR | Molasses or sugared ripe fruit | Pleasant, with a slight vinegar smell | Strong, acidic, vinegar odor (butyric acid) | Unpleasant, like rancid butter |
| TEXTURE | It retains its continuous contours | Same as previous | The leaves separate easily from the stems, tend to be transparent, and the venous vessels are very yellow | There are no differences between the stems and leaves. It is more amorphous and soapy. It feels moist and shiny to the touch |
Statystical analysis: For the analysis of the chemical composition of the evaluated silages, a completely random experimental design with a factorial arrangement (2x2) was applied, where factor A was the type of ensiled forage (Tithonia alone or Tithonia with Cenchrus) and factor B was the level of vinasse used (0 or 4 %). The microsilos were considered as an experimental unit (10).
The variables were analyzed by ANOVA. When differences were found (P<0.05), the treatment means were compared by Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests. Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 1541-0420. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478. multiple range test The statistical package Infostat was used for these analyses (Di Rienzo et al. 2012Di Rienzo, J.A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M.G., González, L., Tablada, M. & Robledo, C.W. 2012. InfoStat. version 2012, [Windows], Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina: Grupo InfoStat. Available at: https://www.infostat.com.ar. ).
Results and Discussion
⌅The chemical composition of T. diversifolia forage and the mixture with C. purpureus used for silage is showed in table 2. The chemical composition of Tithonia was similar to that recorded by Ontivero (2021)Ontivero, Y. 2021. Caracterización de cinco arbustivas proteicas promisorias para la ganadería cubana. Pastos y Forrajes, 44: eE10, ISSN: 2078-8452. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-03942021000100010&lng=es&tlng=es. , except CP which was lower. The DM values were similar to those obtained for tithonia forage by Rodríguez-Oliva et al. (2022)Rodríguez-Oliva, M., Ojeda, F., Pozo, Y., Rondón, A.J. & Milián, G. 2022. Evaluation of two microbial inoculants as fermentation activators in silages of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray. Pastos y Forrajes, 45: eE22, ISSN: 2078-8452. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-03942022000100022&lng=es&tlng=es. and in all cases were less than 30 %, a characteristic range of tropical forages with high moisture that can present challenges for optimal fermentation, by favoring the production of effluents and clostridial fermentations (Ávila et al. 2022Ávila, C.L.S., Carvalho, B.F. & Pinto, J.C. 2022. Silage production in the tropics: Forage sources, additives and challenges. In: Silage Vol. 2. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102579.). Tithonia alone showed lower NDF content and higher CP content compared to the mixture, which was expected given the protein nature of this species in relation to the Cenchrus grass.
| Treatment | DM, % | OM, % | NDF, % | ADF, % | CP, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tithonia | 21.8 | 86.9 | 49.8 | 43.3 | 13.4 |
| Tithonia silage + Cenchrus | 23.1 | 88.7 | 63.4 | 47.9 | 10.9 |
Figure 1 shows the effect of the interaction between forage type and vinasse level on the DM yield of the evaluated silages (P<0.001). Silage of Tithonia alone showed better yield than mixed silage, and in both cases, the addition of vinasse increased the yield. This increase can be attributed to the contribution of soluble solids and organic compounds from vinasse that are incorporated into the final DM of the silage (Prado et al. 2023Prado, R.M., de Carvalho, L.G. & Daurício, J.A. 2023. Vinasse as a sustainable additive for animal feed: A review. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 14(2): 385-402, ISSN: 1877-265X. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01863-1. ).
Regarding the effect of the evaluated treatments on the chemical composition, there was no effect of the interaction between the forage type and vinasse level, nor of the individual factors on the DM and OM content (table 3). Regarding the ADF of the evaluated silages, there was interaction between the evaluated factors (P=0.0269) and the results are also shown in table 3.
| Treatments | DM, % | OM, % | ADF, % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tithonia silage | 20.0 | 92.6 | 47.0b |
| Tithonia silage and vinasse | 21.1 | 92.6 | 42.7a |
| Tithonia silage + Cenchrus | 20.5 | 91.3 | 52.1c |
| Tithonia silage + Cenchrus + vinasse | 23.5 | 89.3 | 50.6c |
| SE ± | 1.75 | 6.22 | 0.60 |
| P (interaction) | 0.056 | 0.346 | 0.027 |
| P (forage type) | 0.609 | 0.257 | 0.0002 |
| P (vinasse level) | 0.311 | 0.348 | < 0.0001 |
Different letters show differences between treatments (P<0.05)
Regarding NDF content, there was no effect of the interaction between forage type and vinasse level (P=0.2278), but there was an effect of the individual factors forage type (P<0.0001) (figure 2a) and vinasse level (P<0.0001) (figure 2b).
Regarding the CP content of the evaluated silages, there was no effect of the interaction between the forage type and vinasse level (P=0.9024) nor of the vinasse level factor (P=0.4236), but there was an effect of the forage type factor (P<0.0001), since a decrease in protein content was observed when mixing Tithonia with Cenchrus, as expected when incorporating a tropical grass with low protein content (figure 3).
Regarding the pH values of the evaluated silages, there was interaction between the evaluated factors (P<0.01) and the results are shown in figure 4.
The highest values were obtained when the forage mixture was ensiled. The inclusion of vinasse reduced the pH compared to the corresponding treatment without vinasse (P<0.01). All pH values were higher than those recommended by Sánchez (2018)Sánchez, W. 2018. Potencial de los forrajes para producir ensilajes de calidad. Alcances Tecnológicos, 12(1): 49-58, ISSN: 1659-0538. https://doi.org/10.35486/at.v12i1.37. for this type of silage (pH=4.0), but were lower than those recorded by Rodríguez-Oliva et al. (2022)Rodríguez-Oliva, M., Ojeda, F., Pozo, Y., Rondón, A.J. & Milián, G. 2022. Evaluation of two microbial inoculants as fermentation activators in silages of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray. Pastos y Forrajes, 45: eE22, ISSN: 2078-8452. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-03942022000100022&lng=es&tlng=es. when ensiling pre-dried Tithonia plants and were within the range observed in silage of the whole plant of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Morales et al. 2019Morales, D., Rodríguez, R., Fundora, L., García, F., Ojeda, F. & López, O. 2019. Fermentative quality of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and citrus fruit (Citrus sp.) pulp silage. Pastos y Forrajes, 42(3): 207-212, ISSN: 2078-8452. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-03942019000300207&lng=es&tlng=es.) and of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Sánchez et al. 2021Sánchez, T., Ruz, F., Morales, D., Olivera, Y., Rizo, M. & Benitez, M. 2021. Calidad fermentativa y organoléptica de ensilajes con diferentes proporciones de forraje y raíz de Manihot esculenta Crantz. Pastos y Forrajes, 44: eE25, ISSN: 2078-8452. http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/pyf/v44/2078-8452-pyf-44-eE25.pdf.). In the case of silages with vinasse, the pH values were at the level of maximum pH values (3.8 to 4.2) recommended by McDonald et al. (1991)McDonald, P., Henderson, A.R., Heron, S.J.E. 1991. The Biochemistry of Silage (Second edition). Marlow Bucks, UK: Chalcombe Publications, pp.340, ISBN: 0-948617-225. .
This acidifying effect of vinasse is directly attributed to the high concentration of organic acids (acetic, lactic, propionic) and its low pH (Li et al. 2022Li, Y., Nishino, N. & Wang, Y. 2022. Effects of bacterial inoculants and enzymes on the fermentation quality and bacterial community of Mulberry silage. Animal Bioscience, 35(6): 933-941, ISSN: 2765-0189. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0412. and Prado et al. 2023Prado, R.M., de Carvalho, L.G. & Daurício, J.A. 2023. Vinasse as a sustainable additive for animal feed: A review. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 14(2): 385-402, ISSN: 1877-265X. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01863-1. ). Vinasse proved to be an effective additive to mitigate the high buffering capacity of tithonia, by promoting faster and more efficient acidification, which is essential to suppress undesirable bacteria and preserve the nutritional value of the forage (Ávila et al. 2022Ávila, C.L.S., Carvalho, B.F. & Pinto, J.C. 2022. Silage production in the tropics: Forage sources, additives and challenges. In: Silage Vol. 2. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102579. and Li et al. 2022Li, Y., Nishino, N. & Wang, Y. 2022. Effects of bacterial inoculants and enzymes on the fermentation quality and bacterial community of Mulberry silage. Animal Bioscience, 35(6): 933-941, ISSN: 2765-0189. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0412. ).
The dry matter:pH ratio is an important indicator related to silage quality. Comparing the values obtained with the criteria proposed by Ojeda et al. (1991)Ojeda, F., Cáceres, O. & Esperance, M. 1991. Sistema de evaluación para ensilajes tropicales. En: Conservación de forrajes. Ciudad de La Habana. Editorial Pueblo y Educación. p. 15-65, it was observed that the inclusion of vinasse as a silage additive improves this ratio. The worst DM:pH ratio was found in the silage of Tithonia and Cenchrus mixture, and an intermediate value in Tithonia alone.
The results of this study show that it is possible to obtain good quality silage from T. diversifolia, alone or mixed with C. purpureus, despite the low dry matter content (DM < 24 %) of the forages used, which is below the recommended optimum (30-35 %) to avoid losses through effluents and undesirable fermentations (Ávila et al. 2022Ávila, C.L.S., Carvalho, B.F. & Pinto, J.C. 2022. Silage production in the tropics: Forage sources, additives and challenges. In: Silage Vol. 2. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102579.).
The inclusion of vinasse showed a consistent acidifying effect, significantly reducing (P<0.01) the pH of the silages (figure 3). This result was expected, given the high concentration of organic acids (acetic, lactic) and the low pH inherent in vinasse (Prado et al. 2023Prado, R.M., de Carvalho, L.G. & Daurício, J.A. 2023. Vinasse as a sustainable additive for animal feed: A review. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 14(2): 385-402, ISSN: 1877-265X. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01863-1. ). The acidifying effect of vinasse is relevant to production practice, since this byproduct of the sugar industry, widely available in Cuba, is confirmed as an effective and low-cost additive to improve the fermentation process.
The effect of vinasse was more pronounced in the silage of tithonia alone, a forage with high protein content that usually presents difficulties in reaching a low pH, due to its high buffering capacity (Ávila et al. 2022Ávila, C.L.S., Carvalho, B.F. & Pinto, J.C. 2022. Silage production in the tropics: Forage sources, additives and challenges. In: Silage Vol. 2. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102579.). Vinasse, by providing organic acids and possibly stimulating a more efficient lactic fermentation (Prado et al. 2023Prado, R.M., de Carvalho, L.G. & Daurício, J.A. 2023. Vinasse as a sustainable additive for animal feed: A review. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 14(2): 385-402, ISSN: 1877-265X. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01863-1. ), mitigated this problem, opening a promising way for the conservation of high-quality protein shrubs. Furthermore, vinasse not only acts as a source of acids, but also as a substrate that can promote efficient lactic fermentation, even in materials with high buffering capacity such as protein legumes and shrubs (Li et al. 2022Li, Y., Nishino, N. & Wang, Y. 2022. Effects of bacterial inoculants and enzymes on the fermentation quality and bacterial community of Mulberry silage. Animal Bioscience, 35(6): 933-941, ISSN: 2765-0189. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0412. ).
Regarding the chemical composition, the reduction in ADF content in Tithonia silage with vinasse (table 3) could show a partial degradation of the fiber during fermentation, possibly mediated by fibrolytic enzymes present in the vinasse or by the activation of native microorganisms. If this finding is confirmed in vivo, it could have practical relevance, since improving fiber digestibility is one of the main challenges in ruminant nutrition in the tropics (Arias et al. 2023Arias, L.M., López, M., Castillo, M. & Alpízar, A. 2023. Fertilization type and regrowth age of Tithonia diversifolia on ruminal parameters. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 34(3): 53192, ISSN: 2215-3608. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.2023.53192.).
It was not expected that vinasse would not influence on the CP content of the silages, since this additive provides non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and nitrogenous compounds awaiting quantification as CP by the Kjeldahl method (AOAC 2016AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 2016. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 20th Ed. George W. Latimer Jr (ed). Ed. AOAC International, Rockville MD, USA, ISBN: 978-0935-584-875. Available at: http://www.directtextbook.com/isbn/9780935584875, [Consulted: October 13, 2025].).
Table 4 shows the organoleptic characteristics of the evaluated silages. The higher pH values recorded in the treatments, even without vinasse, did not affect the indicators evaluated in the microsilos. There was not evidence of putrefaction or presence of filamentous fungi, which is an indication of aerobic stability and good preservation of the silage (Kung et al. 2018Kung, L., Shaver, R.D., Grant, R.J. & Schmidt, R.J. 2018. Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5): 4020-4033, ISSN: 1525-3198. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13909. ).
| Treatment | Color | Odor | Texture | Humidity | Evaluation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tithonia silage | Dark green | Slight vinegar smell. Doesn't leave an unpleasant odor when touched. | The forage retains its shape. Leaves joined to the stems | It doesn't wet hands | Good |
| Tithonia silage and vinasse | Dark green | Pleasant. It doesn't leave an unpleasant odor when touched | The forage retains its shape. Leaves joined to steams | It doesn't wet hands | Good to Excellent |
| Tithonia silage + Cenchrus | Olive green with dark shades | Stronger vinegar smell. Doesn't leave an unpleasant odor when touched | The forage retains its shape. Leaves joined to the stems | It doesn't wet hands | Good |
| Tithonia silage + Cenchrus + vinasse | Olive green | Slight vinegar smell. Doesn't leave an unpleasant odor when touched | The forage retains its shape. Leaves joined to the stems | It doesn't wet hands | Good |
There were not differences in the texture and moisture of the silage. The Tithonia alone treatments showed a dark green color that must have been related to the oxidation of proteins and secondary compounds. Meanwhile, the mixture of Tithonia and Cenchrus forages showed an olive green color with dark shades that disappeared when vinasse was added, the latter having a coloration more in line with an excellent quality silage. Regarding the smell, a slight vinegar smell was observed in the silage of tithonia alone and more intense in that of the forage mixture, although in the silages with vinasse a pleasant smell was obtained similar to that suggested for silages of very good quality (Ojeda et al. 1991Ojeda, F., Cáceres, O. & Esperance, M. 1991. Sistema de evaluación para ensilajes tropicales. En: Conservación de forrajes. Ciudad de La Habana. Editorial Pueblo y Educación. p. 15-65). Morales et al. (2022)Morales, D., Rodríguez, R., López, O., Ojeda, F., Camejo, D., García, F. & Fundora, L. 2022. Chemical and organoleptic evaluation of silages of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and Citrus sp. pulp. Pastos y Forrajes, 45: eI17, ISSN: 2078-8452. http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/pyf/v45/en_2078-8452-pyf-45-e17.pdf. noted a slight vinegar smell in sorghum silage and, applying the same methodology as this study qualified that silage as "Excellent".
The organoleptic evaluation confirmed the chemical and fermentative results. The pleasant colors and smells, the absence of putrefaction and the preserved texture in all treatments, especially those with vinasse, classify these silages as 'Good' to 'Excellent' according to the criteria of Chaverra Gil and Eusse (2000)Chaverra Gil, H. & Eusse, J.B. 2000. Ensilaje en la alimentación de ganado vacuno. IICA. Tercer Mundo Editores. Bogotá, Colombia. 123 p, ISBN: 958-9328-26_1. . This is crucial for adoption by farmers, since sensory characteristics are the first criterion for acceptance of silage.
Conclusions
⌅The silages obtained from T. diversifolia, alone or mixed with C. purpureus cv. CT-608 forage, showed sufficient quality indicators to recommend their evaluation on a larger scale, even starting from materials with low DM content. The organoleptic and chemical evaluation supports its stability and acceptability.
The inclusion of vinasse in the conservation process of these silages is confirmed as an economical and effective strategy for the conservation of tropical forages, even in forages with high protein content and high buffering capacity such as Tithonia. Its use as an additive reduces ADF content and pH, and improves DM yield, DM:pH ratio and its organoleptic characteristics such as color and odor.