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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00007</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ANIMAL SCIENCE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Effect of the use of <italic>Cajanus cajan</italic> (pigeon pea) meal on productive indicators of quails</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3772-5200</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Toro Molina</surname>
						<given-names>Blanca M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7212-4430</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cepeda Cabrera</surname>
						<given-names>Mercedes M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9590-6451</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chacón Marcheco</surname>
						<given-names>E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9686-8351</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sambache Tayupanta</surname>
						<given-names>J. E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0019-0129</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez Freire</surname>
						<given-names>Maira N.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2878-9130</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bastidas Pacheco</surname>
						<given-names>H. P.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8377-492X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brito Zúñiga</surname>
						<given-names>G. G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8574-103X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Calderón Tapia</surname>
						<given-names>Cristina G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6660-8102</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva Déley</surname>
						<given-names>Lucía M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales (CAREN), Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi. CP 050150, Latacunga, Ecuador.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales (CAREN)</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Latacunga</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="EC">Ecuador</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH). CP 060150, Chimborazo, Ecuador.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH)</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Chimborazo</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="EC">Ecuador</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><sup>*</sup></label>Email: <email>edilberto.chacon@utc.edu.ec</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>54</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>209</fpage>
			<lpage>217</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>To evaluate the effect of the use of <italic>Cajanus cajan</italic> (pigeon pea) meal on production indicators of quail, an amount of 160 quails was used, with 43 days old and an average weight of 149 ± 0.25 g, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments, four repetitions (40) and 10 animals per repetitions. Dry matter, crude protein, ashes, crude fiber and ether extract were determined, as well as metabolizable energy. Indicators initial and final weight, daily mean weight gain, food conversion, laying index, viability, shell thickness, white and yolk height, and shape index were evaluated. The best results were obtained in control treatment, and when including 10% of meal with 18.19%, 0.34 g and 0.21 g for laying index, egg weight and mean daily weight gain, respectively. Laying index showed the highest values for control, 10% of pigeon pea meal has a chemical and amino acid composition suitable for its use in animal feed. Up to 10% of seed meal can be included in quail feed, without affecting the main productive and quality indicators of the egg.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd><italic>meal</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>Cajanus cajan</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>quail</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>production</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>egg quality</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="4"/>
				<ref-count count="27"/>
				<page-count count="9"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Quail feeding for productive purposes depends on concentrated feed. Generally, this is not easy to obtain due to limitation of raw material for industries, which is why it is often replaced by feed intended for laying hens.</p>
		<p>In quail feeding, for example, diets that do not meet the nutritional properties this animal demands are used. As a consequence, they show serious digestive and reproductive disorders, which retard development, decrease laying, and may cause illnesses and even death. It is reported that a low protein content and imbalances in essential amino acids in quail diets lead to decreased laying and even its suppression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Pino <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
		<p>Other balanced nutritional compounds, such as carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and essential amino acids, are vital in the feeding of these fowls, according to their physiological stages (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ribeiro <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
		<p>In Ecuador, mainly in Cotopaxi province, there is no specific information about production levels of quail eggs and meat, because farmers empirically carry this activity out. One of the limitations of production systems at these levels is the poor knowledge of zootechnical management, availability and high cost of balanced feed, which makes it difficult to meet the objectives and goals set for each production. The search for local sources can help to substitute conventional raw materials, which could be important for the region (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">de Oliveira <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Rosario and Nieves 2015</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Pereira <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). </p>
		<p>Pigeon pea (<italic>Cajanus cajan</italic> cv. Negro) is a shrub legume, characterized by its high nutritional value, agronomic versatility, and multiple uses. In addition, it contributes to food sustainability in tropical and subtropical regions. Due to its nutritional and medicinal benefits, it is considered as a functional food for humans (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Carvajal <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
		<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of different levels of pigeon pea meal in quail production indicators.</p>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materials and Methods</title>
			<p><italic>Location and experimental ecology</italic>. The research was carried out in Los Álamos, La Maná, Cotopaxi province, Ecuador. It is located at 00° 564´5.25” South and 79° 14´14.63” West, at 370 m over sea level.</p>
			<p>Climate of this territory is classified as humid subtropical, with average rainfall of 3,179.6 mm/year. Average temperature is 24 °C (19.95 minimum and 28.05 °C maximum), with relative humidity of 92%, heliography of 1.67 light hours/day, annual cloudiness 05-Ago and 382.43 mm/year of evaporation.</p>
			<p><italic>Animals and diets</italic>. An amount of 160 quails, 43 days old and average weight of 149 ± 0.25 g, was used. They were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and four repetitions. Each repetition had 40 animals, 10 quails each. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the chemical composition of treatments and the contribution of diets.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Composition of diet, laying stage</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="4"/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Ingredients</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="4">Pigeon pea meal, %</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">0</th>
								<th align="center">10</th>
								<th align="center">20</th>
								<th align="center">30</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Corn </td>
								<td align="center">45.35</td>
								<td align="center">38.35</td>
								<td align="center">31.35</td>
								<td align="center">24.35</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Rice powder </td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Pigeon pea meal</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Export fish meal </td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Soy bean paste</td>
								<td align="center">29</td>
								<td align="center">26</td>
								<td align="center">23</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Palm oil </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Calcium carbonate</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Biofos</td>
								<td align="center">0.5</td>
								<td align="center">0.5</td>
								<td align="center">0.5</td>
								<td align="center">0.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Salt</td>
								<td align="center">0.3</td>
								<td align="center">0.3</td>
								<td align="center">0.3</td>
								<td align="center">0.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Premix for laying hens</td>
								<td align="center">0.25</td>
								<td align="center">0.25</td>
								<td align="center">0.25</td>
								<td align="center">0.25</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Methionine</td>
								<td align="center">0.15</td>
								<td align="center">0.15</td>
								<td align="center">0.15</td>
								<td align="center">0.15</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Coccidiostats</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Zinc Bacitracin </td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Toxin capture </td>
								<td align="center">0.2</td>
								<td align="center">0.2</td>
								<td align="center">0.2</td>
								<td align="center">0.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Antimycotic </td>
								<td align="center">0.1</td>
								<td align="center">0.1</td>
								<td align="center">0.1</td>
								<td align="center">0.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Antioxidant</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Total</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>100</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>100</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>100</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>100</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="5">Calculated contribution</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Protein, %</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">19.87</td>
								<td align="center">19.9</td>
								<td align="center">20.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Energy, kcal ME/kg</td>
								<td align="center">2902</td>
								<td align="center">2896</td>
								<td align="center">2900</td>
								<td align="center">2903</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Phosphorous, %</td>
								<td align="center">0.36</td>
								<td align="center">0.36</td>
								<td align="center">0.35</td>
								<td align="center">0.37</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Calcium, %</td>
								<td align="center">2.51</td>
								<td align="center">2.48</td>
								<td align="center">2.50</td>
								<td align="center">2.52</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Lysine, %</td>
								<td align="center">1.01</td>
								<td align="center">0.99</td>
								<td align="center">1.00</td>
								<td align="center">1.01</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Methionine+ Cystine , %</td>
								<td align="center">0.81</td>
								<td align="center">0.82</td>
								<td align="center">0.79</td>
								<td align="center">0.80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Methionine, %</td>
								<td align="center">0.44</td>
								<td align="center">0.45</td>
								<td align="center">0.46</td>
								<td align="center">0.47</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><sup>1</sup>Product guarantee per kg: vit. A, 20,000,000 IU; vit D3, 6,000,000, IU; vit. E, 16,000, IU; vit. K (menadione), 6,000 mg; vit. B1 (thiamine), 1,000. mg; vit. B2 (riboflavin) 9,000, mg; vit. B6 (pyridoxine), 1000, mg; vit. B12 (cyanocobalamin), 24, mg; pantothenic acid, 12,000 mg; niacin, 12,000mg; vit. H (biotin), 40 mg; folic acid, 400 mg; antioxidant, 50,000 mg.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><italic>Chemical analysis</italic>. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE) were determined to food according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">AOAC (2016)</xref>. These determinations were made by triplicate. Metabolizable energy (ME) was calculated according to the recommendations of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Rostagno <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref>. The meal was placed in a shaker with water (pH 8.5) and liquefied for 3 min. Subsequently, it was filtered through gauze. The liquid portion, which contains proteins, lipids, pigments and soluble sugars, was centrifuged and the supernatant was decanted. This liquid was acidified to isoelectric point with 0.1N HCl up to pH 4 and heated at 82 °C for 5 min. A precipitate and a solution (serum) were thus obtained. The precipitate was centrifuged and the liquid was discarded. The concentrate was washed with 95% ethanol, and dried in an oven at 60 ° C for 5 min. Total nitrogen was determined to this concentrate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">AOAC 2016</xref>). Total amino acids were quantified by acid hydrolysis with HCl 6 N. Amino acids were separated in a Beckman 6300 High Performance Analyzer. </p>
			<p><italic>Obtaining the meal</italic>. Pigeon pea seeds, Negro variety, were collected in May, in Ventanas Canton, Los Ríos province. Grains were roasted to guarantee the removal of antinutritional substances, and then they were ground in a hammer mill with a 250 µm sieve to produce this meal. Once obtained, it was stored in polyethylene bags at room temperature. Subsequently, a sample of meal (300 g) was taken for bromatological analysis.</p>
			<p><italic>Bioassay.</italic> An amount of 160 quails, 43 days old, were used. For their selection, it was considered that these animals presented adequate conditions to carry out the research.</p>
			<p>Diets were isoenergetic and isoproteic. Basic ration was constituted with rice powder, fishmeal, soybean paste, pigeon pea meal (0, 10, 20 and 30%), corn, salt, vitamins and minerals, according to nutritional requirements (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">NRC 1994</xref>) for laying phase (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>Animals were vaccinated against Newcastle and their feeding was controlled, according to their physiological stage. They were individually weighed on a digital scale (± 0.01 g; PE 3600 Mettler-Toledo).</p>
			<p>
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											<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mtd>
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												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:mfenced>
											<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
											<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
											<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
											<mml:mn>100,</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mtd>
								</mml:mtr>
							</mml:mtable>
						</mml:mrow>
					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
			</p>
			<def-list id="d1">
				<title>Where:</title>
				<def-item>
					<term>Wx</term>
					<def>
						<p>- is final body weight (g)</p>
					</def>
				</def-item>
				<def-item>
					<term>Wi</term>
					<def>
						<p>- is initial body weight (g)</p>
					</def>
				</def-item>
				<def-item>
					<term>t</term>
					<def>
						<p>- is duration of the experiment (d)</p>
					</def>
				</def-item>
			</def-list>
			<p>Shell thickness was measured with a 0-15mm Baxlo micrometer screw (Spain). To determine albumin and yolk height, these egg fractions were placed on a flat surface and an Ohaus 1350-50 vernier, with 0-160mm (USA) was used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Silversides and Budgell 2004</xref>). Shell coefficient was assessed by dividing shell weight by egg weight, multiplied by 100. </p>
			<p>
				Haugh units (HU) of eggs were estimated according to the formula indicated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Haugh (1937)</xref>. They were classified by a scale. That is: poor, from 55 to 59 HU; consumer resistance point, from 60 to 64 HU; regular, from 65 to 69 HU; acceptable, from 70 to 79 HU; very good, from 80 to 89 HU, and excellent, more than 90 HU. Calculation was performed according to the following formula:</p>
			<p>
				<disp-formula>
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
							<mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi>l</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>o</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>g</mml:mi>
							<mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>h</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
									<mml:mn>1.7</mml:mn>
									<mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
									<mml:msup>
										<mml:mi>p</mml:mi>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>0.37</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msup>
									<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
									<mml:mn>7.57</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
						</mml:mrow>
					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
			</p>
			<def-list id="d2">
				<title>Where:</title>
				<def-item>
					<term>h</term>
					<def>
						<p>- White height, mm</p>
					</def>
				</def-item>
				<def-item>
					<term>p</term>
					<def>
						<p>- egg weight, g</p>
					</def>
				</def-item>
			</def-list>
			<p><italic>Statistical analysis and calculations</italic>. For chemical composition of meal, mean and standard deviation were determined. A simple classification analysis of variance was applied to results, in which diet was considered as the only variation factor. Difference among means was determined using <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duncan (1955)</xref> test. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">SPSS statistical program, version 21 (2012)</xref> was used.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Results and Discussion</title>
			<p>Pigeon pea meal showed an adequate chemical composition to be used in animal feeding with high CP, ME, low fiber and an adequate amino acid balance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>). These values were higher than those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Torres <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref>, who reported protein and ash percentages of 15.52 and 5.43, respectively. These figures show that pigeon pea meal, due to its chemical composition, can be used as animal feed.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Chemical composition of pigeon pea meal</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Indicators</th>
								<th align="center">Media</th>
								<th align="center">SD±</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">DM, %</td>
								<td align="center">89.03</td>
								<td align="center">0.04</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CP, %</td>
								<td align="center">21.19</td>
								<td align="center">0.06</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CF, %</td>
								<td align="center">2.25</td>
								<td align="center">0.01</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Ash, %</td>
								<td align="center">9.15</td>
								<td align="center">0.03</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">EE, %</td>
								<td align="center">3.36</td>
								<td align="center">0.56</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">NFE,%</td>
								<td align="center">63.44</td>
								<td align="center">0.96</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">ME, kcal</td>
								<td align="center">2980</td>
								<td align="center">0.06</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Lysine, %</td>
								<td align="center">7.79</td>
								<td align="center">0.04</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Histidine, %</td>
								<td align="center">3.66</td>
								<td align="center">0.01</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Arginine, %</td>
								<td align="center">5.86</td>
								<td align="center">0.105</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Valine, %</td>
								<td align="center">5.85</td>
								<td align="center">0.03</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Methionine, %</td>
								<td align="center">1.19</td>
								<td align="center">0.02</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Isoleucine,%</td>
								<td align="center">3.47</td>
								<td align="center">0.01</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Leucine, %</td>
								<td align="center">6.78</td>
								<td align="center">0.07</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Pigeon pea has different amino acids (arginine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, leucine, and tyrosine) that are generally stable to heat. Other amino acid concentration (lysine, histidine, proline, cysteine, valine, methionine, isoleucine and phenylalanine) decrease with heat treatments. Proteins of this plant are a rich source of essential amino acids, such as lysine, valine, threonine, and phenylalanine, but generally are deficient in the content of sulfur amino acids, such as cysteine and methionine (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Navarro <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Roasting the seed of this legume is used as a treatment to remove secondary metabolites. Taking into account that this process allows improving its use in animal feed, seeds were roasted in this study.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Miquelena and Higuera (2012)</xref>, when evaluating pigeon pea meal (<italic>Cajanus cajan</italic> (L.) Millsp.) Var. TAC.401; mungbean (<italic>Vigna radiata</italic> (L.) Wilczek) var. Mara I and cowpea (<italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic> (L.) Walp.), reported protein levels between 17 and 24% and amino acid percentages (lysine, valine, methionine and leucine of 7-8, 4-6, 1.47-1.89 and 5-7, respectively). These references denote that levels of meal used in this research are in the range reported for legume grains used in animal production.</p>
			<p>Laying index indicator showed the best values for control and 10% inclusion of seed meal, with 53.47 and 52.87, respectively. With egg weight, mean daily gain and food conversion something similar occurred (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>). For the remaining indicators, no significant differences were shown among treatments.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Effect of pigeon pea meal on productive performance of laying quails </title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="4"/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Indicators</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="4">Pigeon pea meal, %</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">SE±</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">P</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">0</th>
								<th align="center">10</th>
								<th align="center">20</th>
								<th align="center">30</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Viability, %</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">-----</td>
								<td align="center">-----</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Laying index, % </td>
								<td align="center">53.47<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">52.87<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">34.68<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">49.10<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">4.96</td>
								<td align="center">0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Food intake, g /quail/d </td>
								<td align="center">135.09</td>
								<td align="center">135.85</td>
								<td align="center">133.08</td>
								<td align="center">134.79</td>
								<td align="center">2.054</td>
								<td align="center">0.290</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Food conversion, g/g </td>
								<td align="center">3.97<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.84<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">6.49<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">4.76<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.299</td>
								<td align="center">0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Egg weight, g </td>
								<td align="center">10.45<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">10.40<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">10.06<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">10.34<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.281</td>
								<td align="center">0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Initial liveweight, g </td>
								<td align="center">160.7</td>
								<td align="center">160.85</td>
								<td align="center">161.40</td>
								<td align="center">161.16</td>
								<td align="center">1.174</td>
								<td align="center">0.637</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Final liveweight, g </td>
								<td align="center">229.00</td>
								<td align="center">228.50</td>
								<td align="center">229.00</td>
								<td align="center">229.45</td>
								<td align="center">0.818</td>
								<td align="center">0.479</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">DWG, g </td>
								<td align="center">11.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">10.89<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">10.68<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">10.83<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.0609</td>
								<td align="center">0.0278</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><sup>a,b,c</sup> Means with different letters in the same line differ at P &lt; 0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duncan 1955</xref>)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Herrera <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, this performance is due to the fact that alkaloids, plant lectins and glucosinolates reduce palatability and voluntary intake of monogastric animals, including fowls. It is important to highlight that thermolabile antinutritional factors (protease inhibitors and phytohemagglutins) of seeds are denatured with roasting. There are contradictions regarding processing temperature and time of legume seeds to eliminate secondary metabolites, without affecting food quality. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Quicazán and Caicedo (2012)</xref> determined that it is possible to degrade trypsin inhibitor in soaked and scalded soybeans for producing beverages, with heat treatment at 80ºC. </p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Herrera <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> obtained lower final liveweight per quail (2129.38 g) and accumulated liveweight gain per animal (1967.50 g), with 20% inclusion of pigeon pea meal. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Al Hafiz <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> used grain decortication for its inclusion in broiler diets. These authors obtained lower values in productive performance of animals and achieved the highest weight gain in rearing with 12% inclusion of pigeon pea meal. The main differences in the results could be given by the way in which grain is used and its treatment to reduce antinutritional factors and improve the use of nutrients.</p>
			<p>Other studies stated that the inclusion of pigeon pea in the diet of fowls reduces production costs in fattening, which reaffirms the importance of this research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Herrera <italic>et al</italic>. 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Polyana <italic>et al</italic>. 2014</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Herrera <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Other plant species have been used in feeding fowls. For example, with the use of Azolla meal, higher intake in g/fowls/d and higher laying index have been achieved, as well as a higher food conversion in control treatment and in experimental diets with lower percentage of plant inclusion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Buenaño-Buenaño <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>), similar to results of this research.</p>
			<p>Quality indicators (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 4</xref>), as well as productive ones, presented the best results for control treatment and for 10% of pigeon pea meal, with significant differences regarding the rest, with values ​​above 88%, 0.20, 3.90 and 10 mm for shape index, shell thickness, white and yolk height, respectively. This is because all diets of this study covered the nutritional requirements. In addition, it was confirmed that it was possible to enhance nutritional value of meal with heat treatment, results that coincide with those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Herrera <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Effect of pigeon pea meal on external and internal quality of laying quails</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Indicators</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="4">Pigeon pea meal, %</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">SE±</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">P</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">0</th>
								<th align="center">10</th>
								<th align="center">20</th>
								<th align="center">30</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Shape index, % </td>
								<td align="center">88.35<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">88.18<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">86.41<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">87.87<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.816</td>
								<td align="center">0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Shell thickness, mm </td>
								<td align="center">0.23<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.23<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.22<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.22<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.0078</td>
								<td align="center">0.035</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">White height, mm </td>
								<td align="center">3.94<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.91<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.56<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.85<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.160</td>
								<td align="center">0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Yolk height, mm </td>
								<td align="center">10.24<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">10.13<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">8.34<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">9.64<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.781</td>
								<td align="center">0.0001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p><sup>a,b,c</sup> Means with different letters in the same line differ at P &lt; 0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duncan 1955</xref>)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Amaefule <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref> demonstrated that diets with pigeon pea for broilers, supplement with lysine and methionine, as happened in this experiment, allowed to obtain good productive results with the inclusion of meal up to 40%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Akande <italic>et al.</italic> (2010)</xref> demonstrated that roasting of pigeon pea seeds did not produce significant nutrient variations, particularly in crude protein, although it increased the presence of amino acids like arginine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, leucine and tyrosine. This justifies the importance of performing a correct roasting to increase amino acid availability, for improving productive performance.</p>
			<p>Other research reported similar values to those of this study, regarding the different evaluated indicators. They pointed out that pigeon pea meal can present anti-nutritional factors that can be eliminated with heat treatments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Solis <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>), very similar to those practiced in this study. The high biological value of pigeon pea meal protein has also been mentioned, since it has essential amino acids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Albert and Rodríguez 2014</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Pigeon pea meal has a chemical and amino acid composition suitable for its use in animal feeding. Up to 10% seed meal can be included in quail feed, without affecting the main production and quality indicators of egg.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CIENCIA ANIMAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto del empleo de harina de Cajanus cajan (gandul) en indicadores productivos de Codorniz</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3772-5200</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Toro Molina</surname>
						<given-names>Blanca M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7212-4430</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cepeda Cabrera</surname>
						<given-names>Mercedes M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9590-6451</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chacón Marcheco</surname>
						<given-names>E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9686-8351</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sambache Tayupanta</surname>
						<given-names>J. E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0019-0129</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez Freire</surname>
						<given-names>Maira N.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2878-9130</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bastidas Pacheco</surname>
						<given-names>H. P.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8377-492X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brito Zúñiga</surname>
						<given-names>G. G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8574-103X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Calderón Tapia</surname>
						<given-names>Cristina G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6660-8102</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva Déley</surname>
						<given-names>Lucía M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales (CAREN), Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi. CP 050150, Latacunga, Ecuador.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH). CP 060150, Chimborazo, Ecuador.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label><sup>*</sup></label>Email: <email>edilberto.chacon@utc.edu.ec</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Para evaluar el efecto del uso de la harina de <italic>Cajanus cajan</italic> (gandul) en indicadores productivos de Codorniz, se emplearon 160 codornices, de 43 días de edad y peso promedio de 149 ± 0.25 g, distribuidas en un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro tratamientos, cuatro repeticiones (40) y 10 animales por repeticiones. Se determinó la materia seca, proteína bruta, cenizas, fibra bruta, y extracto etéreo, así como la energía metabolizable. Se evaluaron los indicadores peso inicial y final, ganancia media diaria, conversión alimentaria, índice de postura, viabilidad, grosor de la cáscara, altura de la clara, yema e índice de forma. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en el tratamiento control y al incluir 10 % de la harina con 18.19 %, 0.34 g y 0.21 g para el índice de postura, peso del huevo y ganancia media diaria, respectivamente. El índice de puesta tuvo los mayores valores en el control; 10 % de harina de gandul presenta una composición química y aminoacídica adecuada para su utilización en la alimentación animal. Se puede incluir hasta 10 % de harina de semilla en la alimentación de las codornices, sin afectar los principales indicadores productivos y de calidad del huevo.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd><italic>harina</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>Cajanus cajan</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>codornices</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>producción</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>calidad del huevo</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>La alimentación de las codornices con fines productivos depende del alimento concentrado. Generalmente, este no es de fácil obtención, debido a la limitación de materia prima para las industrias, por lo que en muchas ocasiones se reemplaza por el alimento destinado a gallinas ponedoras. </p>
			<p>En la alimentación de las codornices, por ejemplo, se recurre a dietas que no cumplen con las propiedades nutricionales que este tipo de aves demanda. Como consecuencia, muestran serios trastornos digestivos y reproductivos, que retardan el desarrollo, disminuyen la postura e incluso, ocasionan enfermedades y hasta la muerte. Se ha informado que el contenido insuficiente de proteína y desbalances en los aminoácidos esenciales en dietas para codornices ocasiona, consecuentemente, disminución de la postura y hasta su supresión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Pino <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>En la alimentación de estas aves también son indispensables otros compuestos nutritivos balanceados, como hidratos de carbono, grasas, vitaminas, minerales y aminoácidos esenciales, según sus etapas fisiológicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ribeiro <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>En Ecuador, principalmente en la provincia de Cotopaxi, no existe información concreta acerca de los niveles de producción de huevos y carne de codorniz, debido a que el productor realiza esta actividad de forma empírica. Una de las limitantes de los sistemas de producción a estos niveles es el poco conocimiento del manejo zootécnico, la disponibilidad y el alto costo de los alimentos balanceados, lo que dificulta que se cumplan los objetivos y metas previstos en cada una de las producciones. La búsqueda de fuentes locales puede ayudar a sustituir materias primas convencionales, lo que sería de vital importancia para la región (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">de Oliveira <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Rosario y Nieves, 2015</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Pereira <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>El gandul (<italic>Cajanus cajan</italic> vc Negro) es una leguminosa arbustiva, que se caracteriza por su alto valor nutricional, versatilidad agronómica, y múltiples usos; además de contribuir a la sostenibilidad alimentaria en regiones tropicales y subtropicales. Por sus beneficios nutricionales y medicinales, se considera un alimento funcional para los humanos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Carvajal <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la utilización de diferentes niveles de inclusión de harina de gandul en indicadores productivos de la codorniz.</p>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
				<p><italic>Ubicación y ecología experimental.</italic> La investigación se desarrolló en la localidad Los Álamos, La Maná, en la provincia de Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Se encuentra ubicada entre las coordenadas geográficas 00°564´5.25”de latitud sur y 79°14´14.63”de longitud oeste, a altura de 370 m s.n.m. </p>
				<p>El clima del territorio se clasifica como subtropical húmedo, con precipitaciones promedio de 3179.6 mm/año. La temperatura promedio es de 24°C (19.95 mínima y 28.05 °C máxima); con humedad relativa de 92 %, heliografía de 1.67 horas luz/día, nubosidad anual 05-ago y 382.43 mm/año de evaporación. </p>
				<p><italic>Animales y dietas.</italic> Se utilizaron 160 codornices, de 43 d de edad y peso promedio de 149 ± 0.25 g. Se distribuyeron en un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con cuatro tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Cada repetición tuvo 40 animales, 10 codornices por cada una. La composición química de los tratamientos y el aporte de las dietas se muestran en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabla 1</xref>. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición del balanceado, etapa postura</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Ingredientes</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="4">Harina de gandul, % </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">0</th>
									<th align="center">10</th>
									<th align="center">20</th>
									<th align="center">30</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Maíz</td>
									<td align="center">45.35</td>
									<td align="center">38.35</td>
									<td align="center">31.35</td>
									<td align="center">24.35</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Polvillo de arroz</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Harina de gandul</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Harina de pescado exportación</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Pasta de soya</td>
									<td align="center">29</td>
									<td align="center">26</td>
									<td align="center">23</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Aceite vegetal de palma</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Carbonato de calcio</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Biofos</td>
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sal</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Premix ponedoras</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Metionina</td>
									<td align="center">0.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Coccidiostatos</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Bacitracina Zinc</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Atrapante toxinas</td>
									<td align="center">0.2</td>
									<td align="center">0.2</td>
									<td align="center">0.2</td>
									<td align="center">0.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Antimicótico</td>
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Antioxidante</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Total</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>100</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>100</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>100</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>100</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Aporte calculado</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Proteína, %</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">19.87</td>
									<td align="center">19.9</td>
									<td align="center">20.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Energía, kcal EM/kg</td>
									<td align="center">2902</td>
									<td align="center">2896</td>
									<td align="center">2900</td>
									<td align="center">2903</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fósforo, %</td>
									<td align="center">0.36</td>
									<td align="center">0.36</td>
									<td align="center">0.35</td>
									<td align="center">0.37</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Calcio, %</td>
									<td align="center">2.51</td>
									<td align="center">2.48</td>
									<td align="center">2.50</td>
									<td align="center">2.52</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Lisina, %</td>
									<td align="center">1.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.99</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Metionina+Cistina, %</td>
									<td align="center">0.81</td>
									<td align="center">0.82</td>
									<td align="center">0.79</td>
									<td align="center">0.80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Metionina, %</td>
									<td align="center">0.44</td>
									<td align="center">0.45</td>
									<td align="center">0.46</td>
									<td align="center">0.47</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>1 Garantia del producto por kg: vit. A, 20.000.000 UI; vit D3, 6.000.000, UI; vit. E, 16.000, UI; vit. K (menadiona), 6.000 mg; vit. B1 (tiamina), 1.000. mg; vit. B2 (riboflavina) 9.000, mg; vit. B6 (piridoxina), 1000, mg; vit. B12 (cianocobalamina), 24, mg; ácido pantoténico, 12.000 mg; niacina, 12.000mg; vit. H (biotina), 40 mg; ácido fólico, 400 mg; antioxidante, 50.000 mg.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Análisis químico.</italic> A los alimentos se les determinó la materia seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), cenizas, fibra bruta (FB) y extracto etéreo (EE), según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">AOAC (2016)</xref>. Estas determinaciones se realizaron por triplicado. La energía metabolizable (EM) se calculó según las recomendaciones de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Rostagno <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref>. La harina se colocó en una licuadora con agua (pH 8.5) y se licuó durante 3 min. Posteriormente, se filtró a través de una gasa. El zumo, que contiene proteínas, lípidos, pigmentos y azúcares solubles, se centrifugó y se decantó el sobrenadante. Este líquido se acidificó al punto isoeléctrico con HCl 0.1 N hasta pH 4 y se calentó a 82 °C durante 5 min. Se obtuvo así un precipitado (cuajada) y una solución (suero). El precipitado se centrifugó y se desechó el líquido. Se lavó el concentrado con etanol a 95 %, y se secó en estufa a 60 °C durante 5 min. A este concentrado se le determinó el nitrógeno total (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">AOAC 2016</xref>). Se cuantificaron los aminoácidos totales, por hidrólisis ácida con HCl 6 N. En un analizador de aminoácidos Beckman 6300, High Performance Analyzer, se separaron los aminoácidos. </p>
				<p><italic>Obtención de la harina.</italic> Las semillas de gandul, variedad Negro, se colectaron en mayo, en el Cantón Ventanas, provincia Los Ríos. Los granos se tostaron para garantizar la eliminación de sustancias antinutricionales, y luego se molieron en un molino martillo con criba de 250 µm para elaborar la harina. Una vez obtenida, se almacenó en bolsas de polietileno a temperatura ambiente. Posteriormente, se tomó una muestra de la harina (300 g) para el análisis bromatológico.</p>
				<p><italic>Bioensayo.</italic> Se utilizaron 160 codornices, de 43 d de edad. Para su selección, se consideró que estas aves presentaran condiciones adecuadas para poder realizar la investigación. </p>
				<p>Las dietas fueron isoenergéticas e isoproteicas. La ración base se constituyó con polvillo de arroz, harina de pescado, pasta de soya, harina de gandul (0, 10, 20 y 30 %), maíz, sal, vitaminas y minerales, según los requerimientos nutricionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">NRC 1994</xref>) para la fase de postura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabla 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>Los animales se vacunaron contra Newcastle y su alimentación se controló, de acuerdo con la etapa fisiológica en la que se encontraban. Se pesaron individualmente en una balanza digital (± 0.01 g; PE 3600 Mettler-Toledo). </p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula>
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mtable columnalign="left">
								<mml:mtr>
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										<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
										<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
										<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
									</mml:mtd>
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										<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
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										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
										<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
										<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
										<mml:mn>100,</mml:mn>
									</mml:mtd>
								</mml:mtr>
							</mml:mtable>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<def-list id="d3">
					<title>Donde:</title>
					<def-item>
						<term>Wx</term>
						<def>
							<p>- es el peso corporal final (g)</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>Wi</term>
						<def>
							<p>- es el peso corporal inicial (g)</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>t</term>
						<def>
							<p>- es la duración del experimento (d)</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
				</def-list>
				<p>El grosor de la cáscara se midió con un tornillo micrómetro, marca Baxlo de 0-15mm, (España). Para determinar la altura de la yema y albúmina, se colocaron estas fracciones del huevo en superficie plana y se usó un vernier Ohaus 1350-50, de 0-160mm (EUA) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Silversides y Budgell 2004</xref>). El coeficiente de cáscara se valoró al dividir el peso de la cáscara entre el peso del huevo multiplicado por 100.</p>
				<p>Las unidades de Haugh (UH) de los huevos se estimaron de acuerdo con la fórmula indicada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Haugh (1937)</xref>. Se clasificaron por una escala. Esto es: pobre, de 55 hasta 59 HU; punto de resistencia del consumidor, de 60 hasta 64 HU; regular, de 65 hasta 69 HU; aceptable, de 70 hasta 79 HU; muy bueno, de 80 hasta 89 HU, y excelente, más de 90 HU. El cálculo se realizó según la fórmula siguiente:</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula>
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>U</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
								<mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>l</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>o</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>g</mml:mi>
								<mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>h</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
										<mml:mn>1,7</mml:mn>
										<mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
										<mml:msup>
											<mml:mi>p</mml:mi>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>0.37</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:msup>
										<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
										<mml:mn>7,57</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<def-list id="d4">
					<title>Donde:</title>
					<def-item>
						<term>h</term>
						<def>
							<p>- altura de la clara, mm </p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>p</term>
						<def>
							<p>- peso del huevo, g</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
				</def-list>
				<p><italic>Cálculos y análisis estadístico.</italic> Para la composición química de la harina se determinó la media y desviación estándar. A los resultados se les aplicó análisis de varianza de clasificación simple, en el que se consideró la dieta como único factor de variación. La diferencia entre las medias se determinó mediante la prueba de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duncan (1955)</xref>. Se utilizó el programa estadístico <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">SPSS, versión 21 (2012)</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Resultado y Discusión</title>
				<p>La harina de gandul presentó adecuada composición química para ser utilizada en la alimentación animal con elevados valores de PB, EM, baja en fibra y adecuado balance de aminoácidos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabla 2</xref>). Estos valores fueron superiores a los informados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Torres <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, quienes refirieron porcentajes de proteína y ceniza de 15.52 y 5.43, respectivamente, cifras que manifiestan que la harina de gandul, por su composición química, se puede usar como alimento para los animales. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición química de la harina de gandul</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Indicadores</th>
									<th align="center">Media</th>
									<th align="center">DE±</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">MS, %</td>
									<td align="center">89.03</td>
									<td align="center">0.04</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">PB, %</td>
									<td align="center">21.19</td>
									<td align="center">0.06</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">FB, %</td>
									<td align="center">2.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ceniza, %</td>
									<td align="center">9.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">EE, %</td>
									<td align="center">3.36</td>
									<td align="center">0.56</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">ELN,%</td>
									<td align="center">63.44</td>
									<td align="center">0.96</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">EM, kcal</td>
									<td align="center">2980</td>
									<td align="center">0.06</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Lisina, %</td>
									<td align="center">7.79</td>
									<td align="center">0.04</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Histidina, %</td>
									<td align="center">3.66</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Arginina, %</td>
									<td align="center">5.86</td>
									<td align="center">0.105</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Valina, %</td>
									<td align="center">5.85</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Metionina, %</td>
									<td align="center">1.19</td>
									<td align="center">0.02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Isoleucina,%</td>
									<td align="center">3.47</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Leucina, %</td>
									<td align="center">6.78</td>
									<td align="center">0.07</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>El gandul posee diferentes aminoácidos (arginina, ácido aspártico, treonina, serina, ácido glutámico, glicina, alanina, leucina y tirosina) que son generalmente estables al calor. Las concentraciones de otros aminoácidos (lisina, histidina, prolina, cisteína, valina, metionina, isoleucina y fenilalanina) disminuyen ante los tratamientos con calor. Las proteínas de esta planta son una fuente rica de aminoácidos esenciales, como lisina, valina, treonina y fenilalanina, pero por lo general son deficientes en el contenido de aminoácidos azufrados, como cisteínas y metionina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Navarro <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>). </p>
				<p>El tostado de la semilla de esta leguminosa se usa como tratamiento para eliminar la presencia de metabolitos secundarios. Teniendo en cuenta que este proceso permite mejorar su utilización en la alimentación animal, en este estudio las semillas se sometieron al tostado. </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Miquelena e Higuera (2012)</xref>, al evaluar harinas de grano de quinchoncho (<italic>Cajanus cajan</italic> (L.) Millsp.) var. TAC.401; frijol chino (<italic>Vigna radiata</italic> (L.) Wilczek) var. Mara I y frijol (<italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic> (L.) Walp.), informaron niveles de proteína entre 17-24 % y porcentajes de aminoácidos (lisina, valina, metionina y leucina de 7-8, 4-6, 1.47-1.89 y 5-7, respectivamente). Estas referencias denotan que los niveles de la harina utilizada en esta investigación se hallan en el rango informado para los granos de leguminosas que se usan en la producción animal. </p>
				<p>El indicador índice de puesta mostró los mejores valores para el control y 10 % de inclusión de la harina de semilla, con 53.47 y 52.87, respectivamente. Con el peso del huevo, la ganancia media diaria y la conversión alimentaria ocurrió algo similar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabla 3</xref>). Para los restantes indicadores no se mostraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Efecto de la harina de gandul en el comportamiento productivo de codornices ponedoras</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Indicadores</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="4">Harina de gandul, %</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">EE±</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">P</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">0</th>
									<th align="center">10</th>
									<th align="center">20</th>
									<th align="center">30</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Viabilidad, %</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">-----</td>
									<td align="center">-----</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Índice de puesta, % </td>
									<td align="center">53.47<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">52.87<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">34.68<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">49.10<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.96</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Consumo de alimento, g /ave/d </td>
									<td align="center">135.09</td>
									<td align="center">135.85</td>
									<td align="center">133.08</td>
									<td align="center">134.79</td>
									<td align="center">2.054</td>
									<td align="center">0.290</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Conversión alimentaria, g/g </td>
									<td align="center">3.97<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.84<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.49<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.76<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.299</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Peso del huevo, g </td>
									<td align="center">10.45<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">10.40<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">10.06<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">10.34<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.281</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Peso vivo inicial, g </td>
									<td align="center">160.7</td>
									<td align="center">160.85</td>
									<td align="center">161.40</td>
									<td align="center">161.16</td>
									<td align="center">1.174</td>
									<td align="center">0.637</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Peso vivo final, g </td>
									<td align="center">229.00</td>
									<td align="center">228.50</td>
									<td align="center">229.00</td>
									<td align="center">229.45</td>
									<td align="center">0.818</td>
									<td align="center">0.479</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">GMD, g </td>
									<td align="center">11.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">10.89<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">10.68<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">10.83<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.0609</td>
									<td align="center">0.0278</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p><sup>a,b,c</sup> Medias con letras diferentes en la mismas fila difieren a P &lt; 0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duncan 1955</xref>)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Herrera <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, este comportamiento se debe a que los alcaloides, lectinas vegetales y glucosinolatos reducen la palatabilidad y el consumo voluntario de los animales monogástricos, entre ellos las aves. Es importante destacar que los factores antinutricionales (FAN) termolábiles (inhibidores de proteasas y las fitohemaglutinas) de las semillas, se desnaturalizan con el tostado. Existen contradicciones en cuanto al tiempo y temperatura de procesamiento de las semillas de leguminosas para eliminar los metabolitos secundarios, sin afectar la calidad del alimento. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Quicazán y Caicedo (2012)</xref> determinaron que es posible degradar el inhibidor de tripsina en semillas de soya remojadas y escaldadas para la elaboración de bebidas, con tratamiento térmico a 80 º C.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Herrera <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> obtuvieron menor peso vivo final por pollo (2129.38 g) y ganancia de peso vivo acumulada por animal (1967.50 g), con 20 % de inclusión de harina de gandul. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Al Hafiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> utilizaron la decorticación del grano para su incorporación en la dieta de pollos de engorde. Estos autores obtuvieron menores valores en el comportamiento productivo de los animales y lograron la mayor ganancia de peso en la crianza con 12 % de inclusión de la harina de gandul. Las principales diferencias en los resultados se pudieron deber a la forma de utilización del grano y su tratamiento para reducir los FAN y mejorar el uso de los nutrientes.</p>
				<p>Otros estudios reflejaron que la inclusión de gandul en la dieta de las aves reduce los costos de producción en la ceba, lo que reafirma la importancia de esta investigación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Herrera <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Polyana <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Herrera <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). </p>
				<p>Otras especie vegetales se han empleado en la alimentación de las aves. Por ejemplo, con la utilización de la harina Azolla se ha logrado mayor consumo en g/aves/d y mayor índice de postura, así como mayor conversión alimentaria en el tratamiento control y en las dietas experimentales con menor porcentaje de inclusión de la planta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Buenaño-Buenaño <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>), resultados que son similares a lo obtenido en esta investigación. </p>
				<p>Los indicadores de calidad (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabla 4</xref>), al igual que los productivos, presentaron los mejores resultados para el tratamiento control y el de 10 % de harina de gandul, con diferencias significativas con respecto al resto, con valores por encima de 88 %, 0.20, 3.90 y 10 mm para el índice de forma, grosor de la cáscara, altura de clara y de la yema, respectivamente. Esto se debe a que en este estudio todas las dietas cubrieron los requerimientos nutricionales. Además, se confirmó que fue posible potenciar el valor nutritivo de la harina con tratamiento térmico, resultados que coinciden con los informados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Herrera <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Tabla 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Efecto de la harina de gandul en la calidad externa e interna del huevo de codornices ponedoras</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Indicadores</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="4">Harina de gandul, %</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">EE±</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">P</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">0</th>
									<th align="center">10</th>
									<th align="center">20</th>
									<th align="center">30</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Índice de forma, % </td>
									<td align="center">88.35<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">88.18<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">86.41<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">87.87<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.816</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Grosor de la cáscara, mm </td>
									<td align="center">0.23<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.23<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.22<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.22<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.0078</td>
									<td align="center">0.035</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Altura de la clara densa, mm </td>
									<td align="center">3.94<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.91<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.56<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.85<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.160</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Altura de la yema, mm </td>
									<td align="center">10.24<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">10.13<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">8.34<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">9.64<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.781</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p><sup>a,b,c</sup> Medias con letras diferentes en la mismas fila difieren a P &lt; 0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duncan 1955</xref>)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Amaefule <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref> demostraron que dietas con gandul para pollos de ceba, en las que se logró suplementar con lisina y metionina, como sucedió en este experimento, permiten obtener buenos resultados productivos con inclusión de la harina hasta 40 %. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Akande <italic>et al.</italic> (2010)</xref> demostraron que el rostizado de las semillas de gandul no produjo variación importante en los nutrientes, en particular en la proteína cruda, aunque sí incrementó la presencia de los aminoácidos arginina, ácido aspártico, treonina, serina, ácido glutámico, glicina, alanina, leucina y tirosina. Esto justifica la importancia de realizar un tostado correcto para incrementar la disponibilidad de aminoácidos, en función de mejorar el comportamiento productivo.</p>
				<p>Otras investigaciones informaron valores similares a los de este trabajo, en cuanto a los diferentes indicadores evaluados. En ellas se señala que la harina de gandul puede presentar factores antinutricionales que se pueden eliminar con tratamientos de calor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Solis <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>), muy similares a los practicados en este estudio. También se ha referido el alto valor biológico que presenta la proteína de la harina de gandul, al contar con los aminoácidos esenciales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Albert y Rodríguez, 2014</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusiones</title>
				<p>La harina de gandul posee una composición química y aminoacídica adecuada para su utilización en la alimentación animal. Se puede incluir la harina de semilla hasta 10 % en la alimentación de las codornices, sin afectar los principales indicadores productivos y de calidad del huevo.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>