<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00005</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ANIMAL SCIENCE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Use of agroindustrial residues for producing enzymes by <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E 44</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Matos Trujillo</surname>
						<given-names>Madyu</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez Hernández</surname>
						<given-names>Y.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valdivia Avila</surname>
						<given-names>Aymara</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ranilla</surname>
						<given-names>María José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez Alonso</surname>
						<given-names>Zoraya</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rubio Fontanills</surname>
						<given-names>Yasmary</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Díaz Reyes</surname>
						<given-names>A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Jardines González</surname>
						<given-names>Sonia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Camacho Campos</surname>
						<given-names>C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Estudios Biotecnológicos, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Autopista Varadero km 3 1/2, Matanzas, Cuba</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Estudios Biotecnológicos</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Matanzas</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Universidad de León, España</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de León</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Nutrición Animal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de León</institution>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>San José de las Lajas</city>
					<state>Mayabeque</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>madyu.matos@umcc.cu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>54</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>35</fpage>
			<lpage>44</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Wheat bran, sugar cane bagasse, rice husk and corn stubble were evaluated as substrates for the production of endocellulases, endoxylanases and mannanase by <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 during solid state fermentation (SSF). The SSF was carried out in 250 mL flasks with 1g of substrates, enriched with minimal salts medium, and incubated for 24 hours at 37 ° C. The extraction of the enzymatic crude was carried out by the addition of 0.02 mol L<sup>-1</sup> sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 (1:10 w/v) in a shaker at 110 rpm for 30 min. Enzyme production was evaluated by measuring enzyme activities in the crude. Based on results, wheat bran, sugarcane bagasse and corn stubble can be used to produce endocellulase, endoxylanase and mannanase, while rice husk cannot be used to obtain endocellulase. Endoxylanase production was superior to the rest of the enzymes and the best inducer was wheat bran (25.08 IU.mL<sup>-1</sup>), followed by sugarcane bagasse (9.32 IU.mL<sup>-1</sup>). Rice husk and corn stubble showed values ​​of 6.92 IU.mL<sup>-1</sup> and 6.95 IU.mL<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Results demonstrated the potential of wheat bran, sugarcane bagasse and corn stubble to produce endocellulase, endoxylanase and mannanase. Rice husk is not a good inducer to obtain endocellulase. <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 demonstrated to be a better producer of endoxylanase enzymes than mannanase and endocellulase</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd><italic>endocellulases</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>endoxylanases</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>mannanases</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>solid state fermentation</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="46"/>
				<page-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, derived from agricultural residues, into value-added compounds is a sustainable strategy for the development of many industries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bharathiraja <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Ravindran and Jaiswal 2016</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Ravindran <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). During the degradation of these materials by microorganisms, various compounds are produced, such as proteins, enzymes, organic acids, secondary metabolites and oligosaccharides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Knob <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Hydrolytic enzymes, obtained from fungi, bacteria and yeasts, stand out for their application in several industrial processes, such as extraction and clarification of fruit juices, the extraction of plant oils and pigments, pulp and paper bleaching and animal feed, among others. Among the microorganisms used for these purposes, Bacillus genus bacteria are considered promising for the development of agricultural industry, due to the variety of extracellular enzymes they produce and their stability at high temperatures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chakdar <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). </p>
			<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate wheat bran (<italic>Triticum aestivum</italic> L.), sugarcane bagasse (<italic>Saccharum officinarum</italic> L.), rice husk (<italic>Oryza sativa</italic> L.) and corn stubble (<italic>Zea mays</italic> L.), as substrates for the production of endocellulase, mannanase and endoxylanase enzymes by <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 during solid state fermentation (SSF).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materials and Methods</title>
			<p><italic>Chemical composition of agroindustrial waste</italic>. Wheat bran, sugarcane bagasse, rice husk and corn stubble were used as substrates to induce the activity of <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 enzymes, from different municipalities in Matanzas province (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Origin of agroindustrial residues from Matanzas province used in the study</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Agroindustrial residue</th>
								<th align="justify">Place of origin</th>
								<th align="justify">Municipality</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Wheat bran (<italic>Triticum aestivum</italic> L.)</td>
								<td align="justify">Wheat grounding enterprise </td>
								<td align="justify">Cárdenas</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Sugarcane bagasse (<italic>Saccharum officinarum</italic> L.)</td>
								<td align="justify">Central Azucarero Industrial (CAI) “Mario Muñoz Monroy”</td>
								<td align="justify">Colón</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Rice husk (<italic>Oryza sativa</italic> L.)</td>
								<td align="justify">Handcrafted mill </td>
								<td align="justify">Jovellanos</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Corn stubble (<italic>Zea mays</italic> L.)</td>
								<td align="justify">Corn sowing in a farm belonging to a private farmer </td>
								<td align="justify">Jovellanos</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Wheat was imported from Germany in June 2015 and it is semi-hard. Bran was obtained in the successive stages of the milling and sifting process of wheat to produce meal. Collection was random, out of 83 bags containing the by-product.</p>
			<p>Rice husk was collected at the end of the day, after the end of production, in a handcrafted mill. Sampling was also random, out of the seven bags containing the by-product.</p>
			<p>Bran, like rice husk, was transferred to the laboratory in polyethylene bags weighing 1.98 and 1.53 kg, respectively.</p>
			<p>Sugarcane bagasse was collected in the CAI bagasse facilities. Corn stubble was collected in the field, two days after harvest. The materials were collected at five points and all strata were taken from the surface to the soil. Samples were formed by quartering method and transferred to the laboratory in polyethylene bags, with 1.2 and 1.67 kg each. A batch of each substrate was analyzed, consisting of samples taken in each case.</p>
			<p>Substrates were dried in an oven at 60 °C for 72 h. They were crushed in a hammer mill, Fritsch type, GMbH model with a maximum particle size of 2 mm. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents was determined by the sequential technique described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Van Soest <italic>et al.</italic> (1991)</xref>, with modifications proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">ANKOM (1998)</xref>. For the analysis, polyester bags (ANKOM Corp # 57) were used, with a pore size of 30 µm and dimensions of 4.5 x 5.5 cm. Nitrogen was quantified using the Kjeldahl method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">AOAC 2012</xref>), using a Kjeltec System 1002 (Tecator) distillation equipment. Crude protein was obtained by multiplying N content of the sample, according to the 6.25 conversion factor.</p>
			<p><italic>Microbial culture. Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 strain, from the Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the University of Matanzas, was used, preserved at -30ºC in glycerol.</p>
			<p><italic>Minimum salt culture medium (SM).</italic> The mineral solution was composed of NaCl (0.1%), KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (0.3%), K<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> (0.6%), MgSO<sub>4</sub> (0.12%), peptone (0.5%) and yeast extract (0.3%). pH was adjusted to 7.5 with KOH (1 mol L<sup>-1</sup>) and sterilized at 121 °C for 15 min. </p>
			<p><italic>Microbial suspension preparation</italic>. A cell suspension was prepared from a <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 culture of 16 h, in Erlenmeyer with 50 mL of nutrient broth. It was incubated at 28 °C in a shaker at 110 rpm, up to obtaining an optical density (OD 600nm = 0.8) equivalent to a concentration of 1x10<sup>8</sup> cfu mL<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
			<p><italic>Solid state fermentation</italic>. The experiment was carried out in 250 mL flasks, previously sterilized at 121 °C for 15 min and dried in the oven at 60 °C for 48 h. The flasks contained 1g of substrates (wheat bran, sugarcane bagasse, rice husk and corn stubble). In each Erlenmeyer, substrates were inoculated with 10% (w/v) of the microbial suspension and dry matter medium was added until obtaining 80% of humidity in the SSF. Flasks were placed in the incubator at 37 °C for 24 h. Each substrate was evaluated by triplicate.</p>
			<p><italic>Extraction of enzymatic crude.</italic> For the extraction buffer, 0.02 mol L<sup>-1</sup> sodium phosphate and pH 7, 1:10 (w/v) ratio, were added to each flask. Each one was placed in a shaker at 110 rpm for 30 min. Subsequently, the substrate was filtered by gauze and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm at 4 °C for 15 min. Extracts were stored at -20 until evaluation.</p>
			<p><italic>Enzymatic activities.</italic> The activities of endoxylanase, endocellulase and mannanase enzymes were determined by triplicate in the obtained extracts. Reaction mixture was composed of 0.4 mL of substrate (1% beech xylan, 1% carboxymethyl cellulose and 0.5% galactomannan, respectively) and 0.1 mL of the enzyme extract. It was incubated at 50 °C for 10 min. The reaction was stopped by adding 0.5 mL of dinitrosalicylic acid. Samples were placed in a water bath at 100 °C for 10 min. An amount of 1.2 mL of distilled water was added and absorbance was measured at 540 nm. The equivalents of glucose, mannose and xylose were calculated from the corresponding standard curves. One unit of enzymatic activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required to produce 1µmol.mL<sup>-1</sup> of glucose, mannose and xylose per minute under the test conditions. Enzyme production was determined from the enzymatic activities detected after the SSF with each of the substrates. </p>
			<p><italic>Statistical analysis.</italic> For the analysis of results of the chemical composition of substrates, descriptive statistics was used to determine mean, standard deviation (SD) and variation coefficient (VC). An analysis of variance was applied to data obtained from the production of enzymes, according to a completely randomized design, with a 3x4 factorial arrangement. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Duncan test (1955)</xref> was implemented to establish differences among means. Data processing was carried out using the statistical package Insfostat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Di Rienzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Results and Discussion</title>
			<p>The chemical composition of agroindustrial residues showed differences in the percentage of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>). This result is due to the fact that used substrates come from different plant species. In addition to the genotype factor, cell wall compounds distribution may vary, due to the agro-cultural processes associated with sowing, harvesting, post-harvest events, crop age and physiological conditions of plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Mussatto <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Knob <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref>, in agroindustrial residues, cellulose is the dominant fraction in plant cell wall (35-50%), followed by hemicellulose (20-35%) and lignin (10-25%). The percentage of cellulose that wheat bran shows, does not correspond to statements of the latter authors. However, it is close to the range referred to by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Babu <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>, where 55% of fiber in this substrate is composed of arabinoxylanes, while cellulose occupies between 9 and 12% of its dry weight.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Chemical composition (%) of agroindustrial residues, used as substrates in solid state fermentation of <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="4"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="4">Sustrates</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify"> </th>
								<th align="center">Sugarcane bagasse</th>
								<th align="center">Wheat bran</th>
								<th align="center">Rice husk</th>
								<th align="center">Corn stubble</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Cellulose, %</td>
								<td align="center">42.22</td>
								<td align="center">4.31</td>
								<td align="center">23.68</td>
								<td align="center">41.41</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">SD</td>
								<td align="center">0.97</td>
								<td align="center">0.03</td>
								<td align="center">0.78</td>
								<td align="center">0.60</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">VC, %</td>
								<td align="center">1.74</td>
								<td align="center">0.43</td>
								<td align="center">1.98</td>
								<td align="center">1.32</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Hemicellulose, %</td>
								<td align="center">33.95</td>
								<td align="center">22.58</td>
								<td align="center">20.45</td>
								<td align="center">40.02</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">SD</td>
								<td align="center">0.61</td>
								<td align="center">0.40</td>
								<td align="center">1.38</td>
								<td align="center">0.71</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">CV</td>
								<td align="center">0.68</td>
								<td align="center">1.40</td>
								<td align="center">2.30</td>
								<td align="center">2.53</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Lignin, %</td>
								<td align="center">13.44</td>
								<td align="center">1.62</td>
								<td align="center">15.80</td>
								<td align="center">4.24</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">SD</td>
								<td align="center">0.31</td>
								<td align="center">0.16</td>
								<td align="center">0.66</td>
								<td align="center">0.14</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">CV, %</td>
								<td align="center">2.32</td>
								<td align="center">3.75</td>
								<td align="center">4.18</td>
								<td align="center">3.29</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Crude protein</td>
								<td align="center">2.01</td>
								<td align="center">14.31</td>
								<td align="center">7.87</td>
								<td align="center">3.59</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">SD</td>
								<td align="center">0.09</td>
								<td align="center">0.30</td>
								<td align="center">0.20</td>
								<td align="center">0.58</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">CV, %</td>
								<td align="center">4.31</td>
								<td align="center">2.12</td>
								<td align="center">2.53</td>
								<td align="center">3.81</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Chemical composition of bran varies among different harvests and is closely related variety, cultivation conditions and methods used for wheat grain separation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Babu <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hatfield and Fukushima (2005)</xref> consider that polymerization degree, high content of proteins, minerals and other organic compounds present in the materials can affect the accuracy of chemical analyzes.</p>
			<p>In this study, enzyme production is expressed in terms of their enzymatic activity, as international literature refers. Results of the production of endocellulases, mannanases and endoxylanases by <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 during the SSF showed that there is interaction between substrates and enzymatic activity (P &lt;0.0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>). The nature of carbon source in the culture medium influences the production of enzymes. These results indicate that all the evaluated residues induce endoxylanase expression by this strain. The highest values ​​were obtained with wheat bran (25.08 IU.mL<sup>-1</sup>), followed by sugarcane bagasse (9.32 IU.mL<sup>-1</sup>). Rice husk and corn stubble did not differ from each other. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Production of endocellulases, mannanases and endoxylanases by <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 during the SSF, using different agroindustrial residues as carbon source</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="3"/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Residues</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">EA (IU.mL<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">SE ± Sig.</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Endocellulases</th>
								<th align="center">Mannanases</th>
								<th align="center">Endoxylanases</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Sugarcane bagasse</td>
								<td align="center">2.58<sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2.52<sup>bcd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">9.32<sup>f</sup></td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">±0.14 P&lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Wheat bran</td>
								<td align="center">2.75<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2.15<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">25.08<sup>g</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Rice husk</td>
								<td align="center">0.07<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2.07<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">6.92<sup>e</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Corn stubble</td>
								<td align="center">2.47<sup>bcd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2.19<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">6.95<sup>e</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Different letters indicate significant differences according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Duncan (1955)</xref> test (P&lt;0.05)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gowdhaman <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> reported wheat bran as the best endoxylanases inducer in a strain of Bacillus, compared with sugarcane bagasse, corn and rice husk. Similar results obtained <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kaushik <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ho and Heng (2005)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Zhang and Sang (2015)</xref>, in strains of <italic>Aspergillus lentulus</italic>, <italic>Penicillium chrysogenum</italic> QML-2 and <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic>, respectively.</p>
			<p>Wheat bran usefulness as a carbon source is attributed to its chemical composition, since 70% of non-starchy polysaccharides are arabinoxylanes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Maes and Delcour 2002</xref>). In addition, this residue has minerals, vitamins and other bioactive compounds that favor microorganism growth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Babu <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Physical characteristics of this by-product benefit its use as a substrate, as it easily degrades, since its particles have a large surface area and good humidity retention (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Stevenson <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>), which favors microbial attack.</p>
			<p>The sugarcane bagasse is a good substrate for microbial development, because, in its composition, carbohydrates represent approximately 70%. Out of these, xylans are, after glucans, the most important (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Batalha <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). For this reason, several authors use this residue as an inducer for the production of endoxylanases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Yang <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>In the rice husk, from handcrafted mills, xylans occupy approximately 14% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">López 2013</xref>), which also favors the production of endoxylanases. In this residue, arabinoxylanes are the major substitutes of xylan and are easily solubilized (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Vegas <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>Stubble and other corn residues are reported to be good endoxylanase inducers, since xylan content is approximately 40% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Knob <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>). These residues are used for the production of these enzymes by different microbial genera, including Bacillus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ling 2014</xref>). The difference among​​ endoxylanase activity values, obtained during fermentation processes, can be related to substrate accessibility, hydrolysis rate, the amount of xyl-oligosaccharides and xylose, released during microbial metabolism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">El-Sharnouby <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>), as well as with xylan complex structure, which varies depending on the plant species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Wang <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Regarding endocellulases production, results show that there are no differences between the use of bagasse, bran and corn stubble, as carbon sources. These residues are reported in the international literature as good inducers of these enzymes. However, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Sadhu <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Kazemi <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gaur and Tiwari (2015)</xref> agreed that sugarcane bagasse was the best source of carbon for endocellulase production during SSF by <italic>Acinetobacter sp</italic>. KKU44, <italic>Bacillus vallismortis</italic> and <italic>Bacillus sp</italic>, respectively.</p>
			<p>With the use of rice husk, low enzyme activity was detected. However, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Annamalai <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> reported the usefulness of rice husk and stubble, with good results in the production of endocellulases. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Dhillon <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref> found high endocellulolytic activity in <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic>, with wheat bran and rice husk, separate and combined.</p>
			<p>Rice husk is a raw material of great interest for the production of cellulosic ethanol in Cuba (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Martín 2006</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">López (2013)</xref> compared samples of this residue, from handcrafted and industrial mills, and found that glucose concentration of rice husk, obtained from a handcrafted mill, is higher than that of the industrial one (33.5 and 2.1 g.L<sup>-1</sup>, respectively). This author attributed this fact to the presence of easily hydrolysable glucans, and it reported the presence of hydroxymethyl furfural (0.3g. L<sup>-1</sup>) and formic acid (0.2g. L<sup>-1</sup>) in this residue.</p>
			<p>Low cellulosic activity, found with the use of this by-product, could be associated with endocellulases inhibition, due to different factors: glucose is the final product of the action of the cellulases complex and it is, in turn, the repressor of its synthesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Sukumaran <italic>et al</italic>. 2005</xref>). The presence of phenolic compounds at low concentrations, such as hydroxymethyl furfural, inhibits the enzyme complex and causes its precipitation and inhibition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kim <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). The removal of these compounds, by means of treatments prior to rice husk from handcrafted mills, could increase the production of this enzyme.</p>
			<p>Several research are carried out in order to improve the technologies for the production of microbial cellulases, due to their complex metabolic regulation mechanisms. Among the strategies developed for these purposes, the use of SSF and the use of molecular methods, such as mutagenesis, metabolic engineering and cellulase gene expression from different microbial domains, are highlighted, with the purpose of improving synthesis and catalytic properties (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Kuhad <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). </p>
			<p>The production of mannanases was favored during the SSF in the four residues, without differences among them. These results are consistent with those obtained by other researchers, who used wheat bran (Singh <italic>et al.</italic> 2010) and sugarcane bagasse (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Chauhan and Gupta 2016</xref>) for the synthesis of these enzymes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Ravindran <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> referred to the ability of several species of Bacillus genus to produce enzymes that hydrolyze mannane. These are generally induced in the presence of galactomannane-rich substrates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Yamabhai <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Other agroindustrial and lignocellulosic wastes were evaluated in various researches. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Yin <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> used a mixture of apple peel and cotton seeds to produce mannanase by <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic> strain SN-09 in SSF. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Pangsri and Pangsri (2017)</xref> reported enzyme activity values of 0.80; 0.68 and 0.15 U.mL<sup>-1</sup> with the use of tea and ground coffee residues. Generally, sugarcane bagasse, soybean residues, galactomannane, banana, mango and potato peel are used as excellent inducers for the production of these enzymes <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Onilude <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Almeida <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>.</p>
			<p>Mannanases are extracellular and inducible enzymes, and are considered second in importance during hemicellulose hydrolysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Dhawan and Kaur 2007</xref>). They catalyze at random the hydrolysis of β-D-1.4 mannopyranoside bonds of β-1.4 mannane. Mannanases production is reduced to Gram positive bacteria, mainly some Bacillus species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Mabrouk and Ahwany 2008</xref> and Meenakshi <italic>et al.</italic> 2010).</p>
			<p>The results of this study show greater production of endoxylanases by <italic>B. subtilis</italic> E44, with respect to endocellulases and mannanases. Several authors highlight the predominance of xylanolytic microorganisms in different genera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Banka <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Gupta <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). However, the synthesis of these enzymes could be increased with the application of fermentation optimization methods. Many authors report enzyme productions, with a notable increase in activities, which vary between 10 and 80% with respect to the environment without optimization (Reis <italic>et al</italic>. 2015 and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Zhang and Sang, 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>The possibility of having methodologies to produce these biomolecules, based on easily available lignocellulosic materials, favors the reduction of their production costs. The possibility of reusing agro-industrial residues reduces the polluting effects of the environment, associated with its accumulation.</p>
			<p>Enzymes, which catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose, are used as zootechnical additives in animal production with favorable results. Its benefits include the decrease of anti-nutritional effects of non-starchy polysaccharides in diets and the increase of total digestibility. These enzymes also complement the activity of endogenous enzymes produced by the animal and lead to improvements in health, by reducing infections caused by pathogens such as <italic>Salmonella sp.</italic> and <italic>Clostridium sp.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bedford 2018</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Results of this research indicate the potentials of wheat bran, sugarcane bagasse and corn stubble for the production of endocellulases, endoxylanases and mannanases. The production of endoxylanases and mannanases was induced with rice husk, but not that of endocellulases.</p>
			<p><italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 bacteria showed potentialities to produce greater amounts of endoxylanases. The enzyme extract obtained from this strain could be used as a zootechnical additive to improve animal feed quality.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgements</title>
			<p>Thanks to the Department of Animal Production, of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of León, in Spain, and to the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID), for the financial support for conducting these studies. Gratitude is also expressed to colleagues at the Sugar Cane Experimental Station (EPICA), in Matanzas, Cuba, for their support for the collection of the material, as well as to the Department of Applied Biostatistics of the Institute of Animal Science (ICA) for their assistance in data processing.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Almeida, J.M., Lima, V.A., Giloni-Lima, P.C. &amp; Knob, A. 2015. “Passion fruit peel as novel substrate for enhanced β-glucosidases production by Penicillium verruculosum: Potential of the crude extract for biomass hydrolysis”. <italic>Biomass and Bioenergy</italic>, 72: 216-226, ISSN: 0961-9534, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.11.002.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Almeida</surname>
							<given-names>J.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lima</surname>
							<given-names>V.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Giloni-Lima</surname>
							<given-names>P.C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Knob</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Passion fruit peel as novel substrate for enhanced β-glucosidases production by Penicillium verruculosum: Potential of the crude extract for biomass hydrolysis</article-title>
					<source>Biomass and Bioenergy</source>
					<volume>72</volume>
					<fpage>216</fpage>
					<lpage>226</lpage>
					<issn>0961-9534</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.11.002</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>ANKOM. (1998). Procedures for fibre and “<italic>in vitro</italic>” analysis. Available: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ankom.com">http://www.ankom.com</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="webpage">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>ANKOM</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>1998</year>
					<source>Procedures for fibre and “in vitro” analysis</source>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ankom.com">http://www.ankom.com</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Annamalai, N., Rajeswari, M.V., Elayaraja, S. &amp; Balasubramanian, T. 2013. “Thermostable, haloalkaline cellulase from Bacillus halodurans CAS 1 by conversion of lignocellulosic wastes”. <italic>Carbohydrate Polymers</italic>, 94(1): 409-415, ISSN: 0144-8617, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.066.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Annamalai</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rajeswari</surname>
							<given-names>M.V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Elayaraja</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Balasubramanian</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Thermostable, haloalkaline cellulase from Bacillus halodurans CAS 1 by conversion of lignocellulosic wastes</article-title>
					<source>Carbohydrate Polymers</source>
					<volume>94</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>409</fpage>
					<lpage>415</lpage>
					<issn>0144-8617</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.066</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>AOAC (Official Method of Analysis: Association of Analytical Chemists). 2012. 19th Edition. Ed. Gaithersburg, Md. AOAC International, Washington DC, USA, ISBN: 0935584838 9780935584837.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>AOAC</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Official Method of Analysis: Association of Analytical Chemists</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<edition>19th Edition</edition>
					<publisher-name>Gaithersburg, Md. AOAC International</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Washington DC, USA</publisher-loc>
					<isbn>0935584838</isbn>
					<isbn>9780935584837</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Babu, C.R., Ketanapalli, H., Beebi, S.K. &amp; Kolluru, V.C. 2018. “Wheat bran-composition and nutritional quality: a review”. <italic>Advances in Biotechnology and Microbiology</italic>, 9(1): 1-7, ISSN: 2474-7637, DOI: 10.19080/AIMB.2018.09.555754.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Babu</surname>
							<given-names>C.R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ketanapalli</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Beebi</surname>
							<given-names>S.K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kolluru</surname>
							<given-names>V.C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>bran-composition</surname>
							<given-names>Wheat</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>review</surname>
							<given-names>nutritional</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Advances in Biotechnology and Microbiology</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>7</lpage>
					<issn>2474-7637</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19080/AIMB.2018.09.555754</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>Banka, A.L., Guralp, S.A. &amp; Gulari, E. 2014. “Secretory expression and characterization of two hemicellulases, xylanase, and β-xylosidase, isolated from Bacillus subtilis M015”. <italic>Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology</italic>, 174(8): 2702-2710, ISSN: 0273-2289, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-1219-1.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Banka</surname>
							<given-names>A.L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guralp</surname>
							<given-names>S.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gulari</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Secretory expression and characterization of two hemicellulases, xylanase, and β-xylosidase, isolated from Bacillus subtilis M015</article-title>
					<source>Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology</source>
					<volume>174</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>2702</fpage>
					<lpage>2710</lpage>
					<issn>0273-2289</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12010-014-1219-1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Batalha, L.A.R., Han, Q., Jameel, H., Chang, H., Colodette, J.L. &amp; Gomes, F.J.B. 2015. “Production of fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse by enzymatic hydrolysis after autohydrolysis and mechanical refining”. <italic>Bioresource Technology</italic>, 180: 97-105, ISSN: 0960-8524, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.060.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Batalha</surname>
							<given-names>L.A.R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Han</surname>
							<given-names>Q.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jameel</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chang</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Colodette</surname>
							<given-names>J.L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gomes</surname>
							<given-names>F.J.B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Production of fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse by enzymatic hydrolysis after autohydrolysis and mechanical refining</article-title>
					<source>Bioresource Technology</source>
					<volume>180</volume>
					<fpage>97</fpage>
					<lpage>105</lpage>
					<issn>0960-8524</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.060</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>Bedford, M.R. 2018. “The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation”. <italic>British Poultry Science</italic>, 59(5): 486-493, ISSN: 0007-1668, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2018.1484074.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bedford</surname>
							<given-names>M.R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation</article-title>
					<source>British Poultry Science</source>
					<volume>59</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>486</fpage>
					<lpage>493</lpage>
					<issn>0007-1668</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00071668.2018.1484074</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>Bharathiraja, S., Suriya, J., Krishnan, M., Manivasagan, P. &amp; Kim, S.K. 2017. “Production of enzymes from agricultural wastes and their potential industrial applications”. In: Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. Academic Press, Vol. 80, p. 125-148, ISBN: 1043-4526, DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.11.003. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bharathiraja</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Suriya</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Krishnan</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Manivasagan</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kim</surname>
							<given-names>S.K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<chapter-title>Production of enzymes from agricultural wastes and their potential industrial applications</chapter-title>
					<source>Advances in Food and Nutrition Research</source>
					<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
					<volume>80</volume>
					<fpage>125</fpage>
					<lpage>148</lpage>
					<issn>1043-4526</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.11.003</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>Chakdar, H., Kumar, M., Pandiyan, K., Singh, A., Nanjappan, K., Kashyap, P.L. &amp; Srivastava, A.K. 2016. “Bacterial xylanases: biology to biotechnology”. <italic>Biotechnology</italic>, 6(2): 150, ISSN: 2190-572X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0457-z.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Chakdar</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kumar</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pandiyan</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Singh</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nanjappan</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kashyap</surname>
							<given-names>P.L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Srivastava</surname>
							<given-names>A.K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Bacterial xylanases: biology to biotechnology</article-title>
					<source>Biotechnology</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>150</fpage>
					<lpage>150</lpage>
					<issn>2190-572X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s13205-016-0457-z</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>Chauhan, P.S. &amp; Gupta, N. 2017. “Insight into microbial mannosidases: a review”. <italic>Critical Reviews in Biotechnology</italic>, 37(2): 190-201, ISSN: 0738-8551, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2015.1128878.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Chauhan</surname>
							<given-names>P.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gupta</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Insight into microbial mannosidases: a review</article-title>
					<source>Critical Reviews in Biotechnology</source>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>190</fpage>
					<lpage>201</lpage>
					<issn>0738-8551</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/07388551.2015.1128878</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>Dhawan, S. &amp; Kaur, J. 2007. “Microbial mannanases: an overview of production and applications”. <italic>Critical Reviews in Biotechnology</italic>, 27(4): 197-216, ISSN: 0738-8551, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07388550701775919.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Dhawan</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kaur</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Microbial mannanases: an overview of production and applications</article-title>
					<source>Critical Reviews in Biotechnology</source>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>197</fpage>
					<lpage>216</lpage>
					<issn>0738-8551</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/07388550701775919</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Dhillon, G.S., Oberoi, H.S., Kaur, S., Bansal, S. &amp; Brar, S.K. 2011. “Value-addition of agricultural wastes for augmented cellulase and xylanase production through solid-state tray fermentation employing mixed-culture of fungi”. <italic>Industrial Crops and Products</italic>, 34(1): 1160-1167, ISSN: 0926-6690, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.04.001.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Dhillon</surname>
							<given-names>G.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oberoi</surname>
							<given-names>H.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kaur</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bansal</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brar</surname>
							<given-names>S.K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Value-addition of agricultural wastes for augmented cellulase and xylanase production through solid-state tray fermentation employing mixed-culture of fungi</article-title>
					<source>Industrial Crops and Products</source>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1160</fpage>
					<lpage>1167</lpage>
					<issn>0926-6690</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.04.001</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>Di Rienzo, J.A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M.G., González, L., Tablada, M. &amp; Robledo, C.W. 2012. InfoStat. version 2012, [Windows], Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina: Grupo InfoStat. Available: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.infostat.com.ar">http://www.infostat.com.ar</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="software">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Di Rienzo</surname>
							<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Casanoves</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Balzarini</surname>
							<given-names>M.G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>González</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tablada</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Robledo</surname>
							<given-names>C.W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<source>InfoStat</source>
					<version>version 2012</version>
					<comment>Windows</comment>
					<publisher-name>Universidad Nacional de Córdoba</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Argentina</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Grupo InfoStat</publisher-name>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.infostat.com.ar">http://www.infostat.com.ar</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>Duncan, D.B. 1955. “Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests”. <italic>Biometrics</italic>, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X, DOI: 10.2307/3001478.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Duncan</surname>
							<given-names>D.B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1955</year>
					<article-title>Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests</article-title>
					<source>Biometrics</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>42</lpage>
					<issn>0006-341X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2307/3001478</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>Gamal, E.S., Salah, M.A. &amp; Mutlaq, A.O. 2012. “Nutritional quality of biscuit supplemented with wheat bran and date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.)”. <italic>Food and Nutrition Sciences</italic>, 3(3): 322-328, ISSN: 2157-9458, DOI: 10.4236/fns.2012.33047.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gamal</surname>
							<given-names>E.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salah</surname>
							<given-names>M.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mutlaq</surname>
							<given-names>A.O.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Nutritional quality of biscuit supplemented with wheat bran and date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.)</article-title>
					<source>Food and Nutrition Sciences</source>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>322</fpage>
					<lpage>328</lpage>
					<issn>2157-9458</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/fns.2012.33047</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>Gaur, R. &amp; Tiwari, S. 2015. “Isolation, production, purification and characterization of an organic-solvent-thermostable alkalophilic cellulase from Bacillus vallismortis RG-07”. <italic>BMC Biotechnology</italic>, 15(1): 19, ISSN: 1472-6750, DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0129-9.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gaur</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tiwari</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Isolation, production, purification and characterization of an organic-solvent-thermostable alkalophilic cellulase from Bacillus vallismortis RG-07</article-title>
					<source>BMC Biotechnology</source>
					<volume>15</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>19</fpage>
					<lpage>19</lpage>
					<issn>1472-6750</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12896-015-0129-9</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>Gowdhaman, D., Jeyalakshmi, G., Sugumaran, K., Subramanian, N.S., Santhosh, R.S. &amp; Ponnusami, V. 2014. “Optimization of the xylanase production with the newly isolated Bacillus aerophilus KGJ2”. <italic>Turkish Journal of Biochemistry</italic>, 39(1), ISSN: 0250-4685, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5505/tjb.2014.92300.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gowdhaman</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jeyalakshmi</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sugumaran</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Subramanian</surname>
							<given-names>N.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santhosh</surname>
							<given-names>R.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ponnusami</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Optimization of the xylanase production with the newly isolated Bacillus aerophilus KGJ2</article-title>
					<source>Turkish Journal of Biochemistry</source>
					<volume>39</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<issn>0250-4685</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5505/tjb.2014.92300</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>Gupta, V., Garg, S., Capalash, N., Gupta, N. &amp; Sharma, P. 2015. “Production of thermo-alkali-stable laccase and xylanase by co-culturing of Bacillus sp. and B. halodurans for biobleaching of kraft pulp and deinking of waste paper”. <italic>Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering</italic>, 38(5): 947-956, ISSN: 1615-7591, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-014-1340-0.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gupta</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Garg</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Capalash</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gupta</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sharma</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Production of thermo-alkali-stable laccase and xylanase by co-culturing of Bacillus sp. and B. halodurans for biobleaching of kraft pulp and deinking of waste paper</article-title>
					<source>Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering</source>
					<volume>38</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>947</fpage>
					<lpage>956</lpage>
					<issn>1615-7591</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00449-014-1340-0</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>Hatfield, R. &amp; Fukushima, R.S. 2005. “Can lignin be accurately measured?”. <italic>Crop Science</italic>, 45(3): 832-839, ISSN: 1435-0653, DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2004.0238.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hatfield</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fukushima</surname>
							<given-names>R.S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2005</year>
					<article-title>Can lignin be accurately measured?</article-title>
					<source>Crop Science</source>
					<volume>45</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>832</fpage>
					<lpage>839</lpage>
					<issn>1435-0653</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2135/cropsci2004.0238</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>Ho, H.L. 2014. “Effects of Medium Formulation and Culture Conditions on Microbial Xylanase Production: A Review”. <italic>International Journal of Food and Fermentation Technology</italic>, 4(1): 1-11, ISSN: 2249-1570, DOI: 10.4172/2376-0214.1000130.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ho</surname>
							<given-names>H.L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Effects of Medium Formulation and Culture Conditions on Microbial Xylanase Production: A Review</article-title>
					<source>International Journal of Food and Fermentation Technology</source>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>11</lpage>
					<issn>2249-1570</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4172/2376-0214.1000130</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>Kaushik, P., Mishra, A. &amp; Malik, A. 2014. “Dual application of agricultural residues for xylanase production and dye removal through solid state fermentation”. <italic>International Biodeterioration &amp; Biodegradation</italic>, 96: 1-8, ISSN: 0964-8305.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kaushik</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mishra</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Malik</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Dual application of agricultural residues for xylanase production and dye removal through solid state fermentation</article-title>
					<source>International Biodeterioration &amp; Biodegradation</source>
					<volume>96</volume>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>8</lpage>
					<issn>0964-8305</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>Kazemi, A., Rasoul-Amini, S., Shahbazi, M., Safari, A. &amp; Ghasemi, Y. 2014. “Isolation, identification, and media optimization of high-level cellulase production by Bacillus sp. BCCS A3, in a fermentation system using response surface methodology”. <italic>Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology</italic>, 44(2): 107-118, ISSN: 1082-6068, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2013.792276.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kazemi</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rasoul-Amini</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shahbazi</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Safari</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ghasemi</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Isolation, identification, and media optimization of high-level cellulase production by Bacillus sp. BCCS A3, in a fermentation system using response surface methodology</article-title>
					<source>Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology</source>
					<volume>44</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>107</fpage>
					<lpage>118</lpage>
					<issn>1082-6068</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/10826068.2013.792276</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>Kim, Y., Ximenes, E., Mosier, N.S. &amp; Ladisch, M. R. 2011. “Soluble inhibitors/deactivators of cellulase enzymes from lignocellulosic biomass”. <italic>Enzyme and Microbial Technology</italic>, 48(4-5): 408-415, ISSN: 0141-0229, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.01.007.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kim</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ximenes</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mosier</surname>
							<given-names>N.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ladisch</surname>
							<given-names>M. R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Soluble inhibitors/deactivators of cellulase enzymes from lignocellulosic biomass</article-title>
					<source>Enzyme and Microbial Technology</source>
					<volume>48</volume>
					<issue>4-5</issue>
					<fpage>408</fpage>
					<lpage>415</lpage>
					<issn>0141-0229</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.01.007</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation>Knob, A., Fortkamp, D., Prolo, T., Izidoro, S.C. &amp; Almeida, J.M. 2014. “Agro-residues as alternative for xylanase production by filamentous fungi”. <italic>BioResources</italic>, 9(3): 5738-5773, ISSN: 1930-2126.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Knob</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fortkamp</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Prolo</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Izidoro</surname>
							<given-names>S.C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Almeida</surname>
							<given-names>J.M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Agro-residues as alternative for xylanase production by filamentous fungi</article-title>
					<source>BioResources</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>5738</fpage>
					<lpage>5773</lpage>
					<issn>1930-2126</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<mixed-citation>Kuhad, R. C., Deswal, D., Sharma, S., Bhattacharya, A., Jain, K. K., Kaur, A., Pletschke, B. I., Singh, A. &amp; Karp, M. 2016. “Revisiting cellulase production and redefining current strategies based on major challenges”. <italic>Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</italic>, 55: 249-272, ISSN: 1364-0321, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.132.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kuhad</surname>
							<given-names>R. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Deswal</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sharma</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bhattacharya</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jain</surname>
							<given-names>K. K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kaur</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pletschke</surname>
							<given-names>B. I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Singh</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Karp</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Revisiting cellulase production and redefining current strategies based on major challenges</article-title>
					<source>Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</source>
					<volume>55</volume>
					<fpage>249</fpage>
					<lpage>272</lpage>
					<issn>1364-0321</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.132</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<mixed-citation>Ling Ho, H. &amp; Heng, K.L. 2015. “Xylanase production by Bacillus subtilis in cost-effective medium using soybean hull as part of medium composition under submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SsF)”. <italic>Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development</italic>, 2(143): 214-2376, ISSN: 2376-0214, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2376-0214.1000143.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ling Ho</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Heng</surname>
							<given-names>K.L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Xylanase production by Bacillus subtilis in cost-effective medium using soybean hull as part of medium composition under submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SsF)</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development</source>
					<volume>2</volume>
					<issue>143</issue>
					<fpage>214</fpage>
					<lpage>2376</lpage>
					<issn>2376-0214</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4172/2376-0214.1000143</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<mixed-citation>López, Y. 2013. Propuesta y evaluación técnico-económica de un proceso de sacarificación de cáscara de arroz para la producción de etanol. PhD Thesis. University of Matanzas, Cuba.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>López</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<source>Propuesta y evaluación técnico-económica de un proceso de sacarificación de cáscara de arroz para la producción de etanol</source>
					<comment content-type="degree">PhD Thesis</comment>
					<publisher-name>University of Matanzas</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Cuba</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<mixed-citation>Mabrouk, M. E. M. &amp; El Ahwany, A. M. D. 2008. “Production of 946-mannanase by Bacillus amylolequifaciens 10A1 cultured on potato peels”. <italic>African Journal of Biotechnology</italic>, 7(8): 1123-1128, ISSN: 1684-5315.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mabrouk</surname>
							<given-names>M. E. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>El Ahwany</surname>
							<given-names>A. M. D.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2008</year>
					<article-title>Production of 946-mannanase by Bacillus amylolequifaciens 10A1 cultured on potato peels</article-title>
					<source>African Journal of Biotechnology</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>1123</fpage>
					<lpage>1128</lpage>
					<issn>1684-5315</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<mixed-citation>Maes, C. &amp; Delcour, J.A. 2002. “Structural characterisation of water-extractable and water-unextractable arabinoxylans in wheat bran”. <italic>Journal of Cereal Science</italic>, 35(3): 315-326, ISSN: 0733-5210, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.2001.0439.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Maes</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Delcour</surname>
							<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2002</year>
					<article-title>Structural characterisation of water-extractable and water-unextractable arabinoxylans in wheat bran</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Cereal Science</source>
					<volume>35</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>315</fpage>
					<lpage>326</lpage>
					<issn>0733-5210</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1006/jcrs.2001.0439</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B31">
				<mixed-citation>Martín, C., López, Y., Plasencia, Y. &amp; Hernández, E. 2006. “Characterisation of agricultural and agro-industrial residues as raw materials for ethanol production”. <italic>Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly</italic>, 20(4): 443-447, ISSN: 0352-9568, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15255/CABEQ.2014.452.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Martín</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>López</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Plasencia</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hernández</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>Characterisation of agricultural and agro-industrial residues as raw materials for ethanol production</article-title>
					<source>Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>443</fpage>
					<lpage>447</lpage>
					<issn>0352-9568</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15255/CABEQ.2014.452</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B32">
				<mixed-citation>Mussatto, S. I., Ballesteros, L.F., Martins, S. &amp; Teixeira, J.A. 2012. Use of agro-industrial wastes in solid-state fermentation processes. In: Industrial Waste, 1st Ed. Eds. Kuan-Yeow Show &amp; Xinxin Guo, Ed. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia. p. 121-140, ISBN 978-953-51-0253-3</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mussatto</surname>
							<given-names>S. I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ballesteros</surname>
							<given-names>L.F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martins</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Teixeira</surname>
							<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<chapter-title>Use of agro-industrial wastes in solid-state fermentation processes</chapter-title>
					<source>Industrial Waste</source>
					<edition>1st Ed.</edition>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Kuan-Yeow</surname>
							<given-names>Show</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xinxin</surname>
							<given-names>Guo</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<publisher-name>InTech</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Rijeka, Croatia</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>121</fpage>
					<lpage>140</lpage>
					<isbn>978-953-51-0253-3</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B33">
				<mixed-citation>Onilude, A.A., Fadaunsi, I.F. &amp; Garuba, E.O. 2012. “Inulinase production by Saccharomyces sp. in solid state fermentation using wheat bran as substrate”. <italic>Annals of Microbiology</italic>, 62(2): 843-848, ISSN: 1590-4261, DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0325-3.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Onilude</surname>
							<given-names>A.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fadaunsi</surname>
							<given-names>I.F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Garuba</surname>
							<given-names>E.O.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Inulinase production by Saccharomyces sp. in solid state fermentation using wheat bran as substrate</article-title>
					<source>Annals of Microbiology</source>
					<volume>62</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>843</fpage>
					<lpage>848</lpage>
					<issn>1590-4261</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s13213-011-0325-3</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B34">
				<mixed-citation>Pangsri, P. &amp; Pangsri, P. 2017. “Mannanase enzyme from Bacillus subtilis P2-5 with waste management”. <italic>Energy Procedia</italic>, 138: 343-347, ISSN: 1876-6102, DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.136.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pangsri</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pangsri</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Mannanase enzyme from Bacillus subtilis P2-5 with waste management</article-title>
					<source>Energy Procedia</source>
					<volume>138</volume>
					<fpage>343</fpage>
					<lpage>347</lpage>
					<issn>1876-6102</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.136</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B35">
				<mixed-citation>Ravindran, R. &amp; Jaiswal, A.K. 2016. “Exploitation of food industry waste for high-value products”. <italic>Trends in Biotechnology</italic>, 34(1): 58-69, ISSN: 0167-7799, DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.008.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ravindran</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jaiswal</surname>
							<given-names>A.K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Exploitation of food industry waste for high-value products</article-title>
					<source>Trends in Biotechnology</source>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>58</fpage>
					<lpage>69</lpage>
					<issn>0167-7799</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.008</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B36">
				<mixed-citation>Ravindran, R., Hassan, S.S., Williams, G.A. &amp; Jaiswal, A.K. 2018. “A review on bioconversion of agro-industrial wastes to industrially important enzymes”. <italic>Bioengineering</italic>, 5(4): 93, ISSN: 2306-5354, DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5040093.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ravindran</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hassan</surname>
							<given-names>S.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Williams</surname>
							<given-names>G.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jaiswal</surname>
							<given-names>A.K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>A review on bioconversion of agro-industrial wastes to industrially important enzymes</article-title>
					<source>Bioengineering</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>93</fpage>
					<lpage>93</lpage>
					<issn>2306-5354</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/bioengineering5040093</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B37">
				<mixed-citation>Sadhu, S., Saha, P., Sen, S. K., Mayilraj, S. &amp; Maiti, T.K. 2013. “Production, purification and characterization of a novel thermotolerant endoglucanase (CMCase) from Bacillus strain isolated from cow dung”. <italic>SpringerPlus</italic>, 2(1): 10, ISSN: 2193-1801, DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-10.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sadhu</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Saha</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sen</surname>
							<given-names>S. K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mayilraj</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Maiti</surname>
							<given-names>T.K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Production, purification and characterization of a novel thermotolerant endoglucanase (CMCase) from Bacillus strain isolated from cow dung</article-title>
					<source>SpringerPlus</source>
					<volume>2</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>10</fpage>
					<lpage>10</lpage>
					<issn>2193-1801</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/2193-1801-2-10</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B38">
				<mixed-citation>Stevenson, L., Phillips, F., O’sullivan, K. &amp; Walton, J. 2012. “Wheat bran: its composition and benefits to health, a European perspective”. <italic>International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition</italic>, 63(8): 1001-1013, ISSN: 0963-7486, DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2012.687366.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Stevenson</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Phillips</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>O’sullivan</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Walton</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Wheat bran: its composition and benefits to health, a European perspective</article-title>
					<source>International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition</source>
					<volume>63</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>1001</fpage>
					<lpage>1013</lpage>
					<issn>0963-7486</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/09637486.2012.687366</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B39">
				<mixed-citation>Sukumaran, R.K., Singhania, R.R. &amp; Pandey, A. 2005. “Microbial cellulases-production, applications and challenges”. <italic>Journal of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research</italic>, 64(11): 832-844, ISSN: 0975-1084.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sukumaran</surname>
							<given-names>R.K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Singhania</surname>
							<given-names>R.R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pandey</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2005</year>
					<article-title>Microbial cellulases-production, applications and challenges</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research</source>
					<volume>64</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>832</fpage>
					<lpage>844</lpage>
					<issn>0975-1084</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B40">
				<mixed-citation>Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. &amp; Lewis, B.A. 1991. “Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition”. <italic>Journal of Dairy Science</italic>, 74(10): 3583-3597, ISSN: 0022-0302, DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Van Soest</surname>
							<given-names>P.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Robertson</surname>
							<given-names>J.B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lewis</surname>
							<given-names>B.A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1991</year>
					<article-title>Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>74</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>3583</fpage>
					<lpage>3597</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B41">
				<mixed-citation>Vegas, R., Kabel, M., Schols, H.A., Alonso, J.L. &amp; Parajó, J.C. 2008. “Hydrothermal processing of rice husks: effects of severity on product distribution”. <italic>Journal of Chemical Technology &amp; Biotechnology</italic>, 83(7): 965-972, ISSN: 0268-2575, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1896.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Vegas</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kabel</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schols</surname>
							<given-names>H.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alonso</surname>
							<given-names>J.L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Parajó</surname>
							<given-names>J.C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2008</year>
					<article-title>Hydrothermal processing of rice husks: effects of severity on product distribution</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Chemical Technology &amp; Biotechnology</source>
					<volume>83</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>965</fpage>
					<lpage>972</lpage>
					<issn>0268-2575</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jctb.1896</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B42">
				<mixed-citation>Yamabhai, M., Sak-Ubol, S., Srila, W. &amp; Haltrich, D. 2016. “Mannan biotechnology: from biofuels to health”. <italic>Critical Reviews in Biotechnology</italic>, 36(1): 32-42, ISSN: 0738-8551, DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.923372.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Yamabhai</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sak-Ubol</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Srila</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Haltrich</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Mannan biotechnology: from biofuels to health</article-title>
					<source>Critical Reviews in Biotechnology</source>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>32</fpage>
					<lpage>42</lpage>
					<issn>0738-8551</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/07388551.2014.923372</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B43">
				<mixed-citation>Yang, Q., Gao, Y., Huang, Y., Xu, Q., Luo, X.M., Liu, J.-L. &amp; Feng, J.X. 2015. “Identification of three important amino acid residues of xylanase AfxynA from Aspergillus fumigatus for enzyme activity and formation of xylobiose as the major product”. <italic>Process Biochemistry</italic>, 50(4): 571-581, ISSN: 1359-5113, DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.01.021.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Yang</surname>
							<given-names>Q.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gao</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Huang</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xu</surname>
							<given-names>Q.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Luo</surname>
							<given-names>X.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>J.-L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Feng</surname>
							<given-names>J.X.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Identification of three important amino acid residues of xylanase AfxynA from Aspergillus fumigatus for enzyme activity and formation of xylobiose as the major product</article-title>
					<source>Process Biochemistry</source>
					<volume>50</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>571</fpage>
					<lpage>581</lpage>
					<issn>1359-5113</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.procbio.2015.01.021</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B44">
				<mixed-citation>Yin, J.-S., Liang, Q.L., Li, D.M. &amp; Sun, Z.T. 2013. “Optimization of production conditions for β-mannanase using apple pomace as raw material in solid-state fermentation”. <italic>Annals of Microbiology</italic>, 63(1): 101-108, ISSN: 1590-4261, DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0449-0.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Yin</surname>
							<given-names>J.-S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liang</surname>
							<given-names>Q.L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>D.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sun</surname>
							<given-names>Z.T.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Optimization of production conditions for β-mannanase using apple pomace as raw material in solid-state fermentation</article-title>
					<source>Annals of Microbiology</source>
					<volume>63</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>101</fpage>
					<lpage>108</lpage>
					<issn>1590-4261</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s13213-012-0449-0</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B45">
				<mixed-citation>Zhang, H. &amp; Sang, Q. 2015. “Production and extraction optimization of xylanase and β-mannanase by Penicillium chrysogenum QML-2 and primary application in saccharification of corn cob”. <italic>Biochemical Engineering Journal</italic>, 97: 101-110, ISSN: 1369-703X, DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.02.014.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sang</surname>
							<given-names>Q.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Production and extraction optimization of xylanase and β-mannanase by Penicillium chrysogenum QML-2 and primary application in saccharification of corn cob</article-title>
					<source>Biochemical Engineering Journal</source>
					<volume>97</volume>
					<fpage>101</fpage>
					<lpage>110</lpage>
					<issn>1369-703X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bej.2015.02.014</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B46">
				<mixed-citation>Wang, G., Huang, X., Ng, T.B., Lin, J. &amp; Ye, X.Y. 2014. “High phylogenetic diversity of glycosyl hydrolase family 10 and 11 xylanases in the sediment of Lake Dabusu in China”. <italic>PloS one</italic>, 9(11): 1-10, ISSN: 1932-6203, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112798.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Huang</surname>
							<given-names>X.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ng</surname>
							<given-names>T.B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lin</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ye</surname>
							<given-names>X.Y.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>High phylogenetic diversity of glycosyl hydrolase family 10 and 11 xylanases in the sediment of Lake Dabusu in China</article-title>
					<source>PloS one</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>10</lpage>
					<issn>1932-6203</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0112798</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CIENCIA ANIMAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Utilización de residuos agroindustriales para la producción de enzimas por <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E 44</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Matos Trujillo</surname>
						<given-names>Madyu</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez Hernández</surname>
						<given-names>Y.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valdivia Avila</surname>
						<given-names>Aymara</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ranilla</surname>
						<given-names>María José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez Alonso</surname>
						<given-names>Zoraya</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rubio Fontanills</surname>
						<given-names>Yasmary</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Díaz Reyes</surname>
						<given-names>A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Jardines González</surname>
						<given-names>Sonia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Camacho Campos</surname>
						<given-names>C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Estudios Biotecnológicos, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Autopista Varadero km 3 1/2, Matanzas, Cuba </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Universidad de León, España</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>madyu.matos@umcc.cu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Se evaluaron el afrecho de trigo, el bagazo de caña de azúcar, la cáscara de arroz y el rastrojo de maíz como sustratos para la producción de endocelulasas, endoxilanasas y mananasas por <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 durante la fermentación en estado sólido. La fermentación en estado sólido se realizó en matraces de 250 mL, con 1g de los sustratos enriquecidos con medio mínimo de sales, incubados durante 24 h a 37 ºC. La extracción del crudo enzimático se realizó por la adición de amortiguador fosfato de sodio 0,02 mol L<sup>-1</sup> y pH 7,0 (1:10 p/v) en zaranda a 110 r.p.m. durante 30 min. La producción de las enzimas se determinó por la medición de las actividades enzimáticas en el crudo. Los resultados del estudio mostraron que el afrecho de trigo, el bagazo de caña de azúcar y el rastrojo de maíz se pueden utilizar para producir endocelulasas, endoxilanasas y mananasas, mientras que la cáscara de arroz no se puede emplear para obtener endocelulasas. La producción de endoxilanasas fue superior al resto de las enzimas y el mejor inductor fue el afrecho de trigo (25,08 UI.mL<sup>-1</sup>), seguido por el bagazo de caña de azúcar (9,32 UI.mL<sup>-1</sup>). La cáscara de arroz y el rastrojo de maíz mostraron valores de 6,92 UI.mL<sup>-1</sup> y 6,95 UI.mL<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron las potencialidades del afrecho de trigo, el bagazo de caña de azúcar y el rastrojo de maíz para producir endocelulasas, endoxilanasas y mananasas. La cáscara de arroz no es buen inductor para obtener endocelulasas. La bacteria <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 demostró ser mejor productora de enzimas endoxilanasas que de mananasas y endocelulasas.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd><italic>endocelulasas</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>endoxilanasas</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>mananasas</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>fermentación en estado sólido</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introducción</title>
				<p>La conversión de la biomasa lignocelulósica, derivada de residuos agrícolas, en compuestos de valor agregado es una estrategia sustentable para el desarrollo de muchas industrias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bharathiraja <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Ravindran y Jaiswal 2016</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Ravindran <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>). Durante la degradación de estos materiales por los microorganismos se producen diversos compuestos, como proteínas, enzimas, ácidos orgánicos, metabolitos secundarios y oligosacáridos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Knob <italic>et al</italic>. 2014</xref>). </p>
				<p>Las enzimas hidrolíticas, obtenidas a partir de hongos, bacterias y levaduras, se destacan por su aplicación en numerosos procesos industriales, como la extracción y la clarificación de zumos de frutas, la extracción de aceites vegetales y pigmentos de plantas, el blanqueado de la pulpa y del papel y la alimentación animal, entre otros. Entre los microorganismos utilizados con estos propósitos, las bacterias del género <italic>Bacillus</italic> se consideran promisorias para el desarrollo de la industria agropecuaria, debido a la variedad de enzimas extracelulares que producen y su estabilidad a elevadas temperaturas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chakdar <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el afrecho de trigo (<italic>Triticum aestivum</italic> L.), el bagazo de caña de azúcar (<italic>Saccharum officinarum</italic> L.), la cáscara de arroz (<italic>Oryza sativa</italic> L.) y al rastrojo de maíz (<italic>Zea mays</italic> L.), como sustratos para la producción de enzimas endocelulasas, mananasas y endoxilanasas por <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 durante la fermentación en estado sólido (FES).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
				<p><italic>Composición química de los residuos agroindustriales.</italic> El afrecho de trigo, el bagazo de caña de azúcar, la cáscara de arroz y el rastrojo de maíz, utilizados como sustratos para inducir la actividad de las enzimas de <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44, proceden de diferentes municipios de la provincia de Matanzas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Origen de los residuos agroindustriales de la provincia de Matanzas utilizados en el estudio.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Residuo Agroindustrial</th>
									<th align="justify">Procedencia</th>
									<th align="justify">Municipio</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Afrecho de Trigo (<italic>Triticum aestivum</italic> L.)</td>
									<td align="justify">Empresa molinera de trigo </td>
									<td align="justify">Cárdenas</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Bagazo de caña de azúcar (<italic>Saccharum officinarum</italic> L.)</td>
									<td align="justify">Central Azucarero Industrial (CAI) “Mario Muñoz Monroy”</td>
									<td align="justify">Colón</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cáscara de arroz (<italic>Oryza sativa</italic> L.)</td>
									<td align="justify">Molino artesanal </td>
									<td align="justify">Jovellanos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Rastrojo de maíz (<italic>Zea mays</italic> L.)</td>
									<td align="justify">Sembrado de maíz en finca de productor privado. </td>
									<td align="justify">Jovellanos</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>El trigo se importó desde Alemania en junio del 2015 y es de tipo semi duro. El afrecho se obtuvo en las etapas sucesivas del proceso de molturación y cernido del trigo para la obtención de la harina. La colecta se realizó de forma aleatoria, de los 83 sacos que contenían el subproducto.</p>
				<p>La cáscara de arroz se colectó al final del día, después de terminada la producción, en un molino artesanal. La colecta se realizó de forma aleatoria, en los siete sacos que contenían el subproducto. </p>
				<p>El afrecho, como la cáscara de arroz, se trasladó al laboratorio en bolsas de polietileno que pesaban 1,98 y 1,53 kg, respectivamente.</p>
				<p>El bagazo de caña se colectó en la casa de bagazo del CAI. El rastrojo de maíz se recogió en el campo, dos días después de la cosecha. Los materiales se colectaron en cinco puntos y se tomaron todos los estratos desde la superficie al piso. Se conformaron las muestras por el método de cuarteo y se trasladaron al laboratorio en sacos de polietileno, con 1,2 y 1,67 kg de cada uno. Se analizó un lote de cada sustrato, compuesto por las muestras tomadas en cada caso.</p>
				<p>Los sustratos se secaron en estufa a 60 °C durante 72 h. Se trituraron en un molino de martillo, tipo Fritsch, modelo GMbH con tamaño máximo de partícula de 2 mm. El contenido de celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina se determinó mediante la técnica secuencial descrita por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Van Soest <italic>et al</italic>. (1991)</xref>, con las modificaciones propuestas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">ANKOM (1998)</xref>. Para el análisis se utilizaron bolsas de poliéster (ANKOM Corp #57), con tamaño de poro de 30 µm y dimensiones de 4,5 x 5,5 cm. El nitrógeno se cuantificó mediante el método Kjeldahl (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">AOAC 2012</xref>), con el uso de un equipo de destilación Kjeltec System 1002 (Tecator). La proteína bruta se obtuvo por la multiplicación del contenido de N de la muestra, según el factor de conversión 6,25. </p>
				<p><italic>Cultivo microbiano.</italic> Se utilizó la cepa <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44, procedente del Laboratorio de Microbiología de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad de Matanzas, conservada a -30 ºC en glicerol.</p>
				<p><italic>Medio de cultivo mínimo de sales (MS).</italic> La solución mineral estuvo compuesta por NaCl (0.1 %), KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (0.3 %), K<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> (0.6 %), MgSO<sub>4</sub> (0.12 %), peptona (0.5 %) y extracto de levadura (0.3 %). Se ajustó el pH a 7.5 con KOH (1 mol L<sup>-1</sup>) y se esterilizó a 121ºC durante 15 min.</p>
				<p><italic>Preparación de la suspensión microbiana.</italic> A partir de un cultivo de <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 de 16 h se preparó una suspensión celular en Erlenmeyer con 50 mL de caldo nutriente. Se incubó a 28ºC en zaranda a 110 r.p.m., hasta obtener una densidad óptica (D.O600nm = 0.8) equivalente a una concentración de 1x10<sup>8</sup> ufc mL<sup>-1</sup>. </p>
				<p><italic>Fermentación en estado sólido.</italic> El experimento se realizó en matraces de 250 mL, previamente esterilizados a 121ºC durante 15 min y secados en la estufa a 60 ºC durante 48 h. Los matraces contenían 1g de los sustratos (afrecho de trigo, bagazo de caña de azúcar, cáscara de arroz y rastrojo de maíz). En cada Erlenmeyer, los sustratos se inocularon con 10 % (p/v) de la suspensión microbiana y se añadió el medio materia seca hasta obtener 80 % de humedad en la FES. Los matraces se colocaron en la incubadora a 37 ºC durante 24 h. Cada sustrato se evaluó por triplicado.</p>
				<p><italic>Extracción del crudo enzimático.</italic> Para la extracción, se adicionó a cada matraz amortiguador 0,02 mol L<sup>-1</sup> de fosfato de sodio y pH 7, relación 1:10 (p/v). Se colocó cada uno en zaranda a 110 r.p.m. durante 30 min. Posteriormente, el sustrato se filtró por gasa y se centrifugó a 10 000 r.p.m. durante 15 min a 4ºC. Los extractos se conservaron a -20ºC hasta su evaluación.</p>
				<p><italic>Actividades enzimáticas.</italic> Las actividades de las enzimas endoxilanasas, endocelulasas y mananasas se determinaron por triplicado en los extractos obtenidos. La mezcla de reacción estuvo compuesta por 0.4 mL del sustrato (1 % de xilano de haya, 1% de carboximetilcelulosa y 0.5 % de galactomanano, respectivamente) y 0.1 mL del extracto enzimático. Se incubó a 50 ºC durante 10 min. La reacción se detuvo al adicionar 0.5 mL de ácido dinitrosalicílico. Las muestras se colocaron en baño de agua a 100 º C durante 10 min. Se adicionó 1,2 mL de agua destilada y se midió la absorbancia a 540 nm. Los equivalentes de glucosa, manosa y xilosa se calcularon a partir de las correspondientes curvas patrón. Una unidad de actividad enzimática se definió como la cantidad de enzima requerida para producir 1µmol.mL<sup>-1</sup> de glucosa, manosa y xilosa por minuto en las condiciones del ensayo. La producción de enzimas se determinó a partir de las actividades enzimáticas detectadas después de la FES con cada uno de los sustratos.</p>
				<p><italic>Análisis estadístico.</italic> Para el análisis de los resultados de la composición química de los sustratos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva para determinar la media, la desviación estándar (DE) y el coeficiente de variación (CV). A los datos obtenidos de la producción de enzimas se les realizó el análisis de varianza, según diseño completamente aleatorizado, con arreglo factorial 3x4. Se aplicó la dócima de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Duncan (1995)</xref> para establecer las diferencias entre medias. El procesamiento se realizó mediante el paquete estadístico Insfostat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Di Rienzo <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Resultados y Discusión</title>
				<p>La composición química de los residuos agroindustriales mostró diferencias en el porcentaje de hemicelulosa, celulosa y lignina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabla 2</xref>). Este resultado se debe a que los sustratos utilizados provienen de especies de plantas diferentes. Además del factor genotipo, la distribución de los compuestos de las paredes celulares puede variar, debido a los procesos agroculturales asociados a la siembra, la cosecha, los eventos post cosecha, la edad del cultivo y las condiciones fisiológicas de las plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Mussatto <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Knob <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref>, en los residuos agroindustriales, la celulosa es la fracción dominante en la pared vegetal (35-50 %), seguida por la hemicelulosa (20-35 %) y la lignina (10-25 %). El porcentaje de celulosa que muestra el afrecho de trigo no se corresponde con lo planteado por estos últimos autores. Sin embargo, se encuentra próximo al rango referido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Babu <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref>, donde 55 % de la fibra en este sustrato está compuesta por arabinoxilanos, mientras que la celulosa ocupa entre 9 y 12 % de su peso seco.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición química (%) de los residuos agroindustriales utilizados como sustratos en la fermentación en estado sólido de <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" rowspan="2"> </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="4">Sustratos</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Bagazo de caña</th>
									<th align="center">Afrecho de trigo</th>
									<th align="center">Cáscara de arroz</th>
									<th align="center">Rastrojo de maíz </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Celulosa</td>
									<td align="center">42,22</td>
									<td align="center">4,31</td>
									<td align="center">23,68</td>
									<td align="center">41,41</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DE</td>
									<td align="center">0,97</td>
									<td align="center">0,03</td>
									<td align="center">0,78</td>
									<td align="center">0,60</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CV</td>
									<td align="center">1,74</td>
									<td align="center">0,43</td>
									<td align="center">1,98</td>
									<td align="center">1,32</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Hemicelulosa</td>
									<td align="center">33,95</td>
									<td align="center">22,58</td>
									<td align="center">20,45</td>
									<td align="center">40,02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DE</td>
									<td align="center">0,61</td>
									<td align="center">0,40</td>
									<td align="center">1,38</td>
									<td align="center">0,71</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CV</td>
									<td align="center">0,68</td>
									<td align="center">1,40</td>
									<td align="center">2,30</td>
									<td align="center">2,53</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Lignina</td>
									<td align="center">13,44</td>
									<td align="center">1,62</td>
									<td align="center">15,80</td>
									<td align="center">4,24</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DE</td>
									<td align="center">0,31</td>
									<td align="center">0,16</td>
									<td align="center">0,66</td>
									<td align="center">0,14</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CV</td>
									<td align="center">2,32</td>
									<td align="center">3,75</td>
									<td align="center">4,18</td>
									<td align="center">3,29</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Proteína bruta</td>
									<td align="center">2,01</td>
									<td align="center">14,31</td>
									<td align="center">7,87</td>
									<td align="center">3,59</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DE</td>
									<td align="center">0,09</td>
									<td align="center">0,30</td>
									<td align="center">0,20</td>
									<td align="center">0,58</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CV</td>
									<td align="center">4,31</td>
									<td align="center">2,12</td>
									<td align="center">2,53</td>
									<td align="center">3,81</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>La composición química del afrecho varía entre las diferentes cosechas y está estrechamente relacionada con la variedad, las condiciones de cultivo y los métodos utilizados para la separación del grano de trigo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Babu <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hatfield y Fukushima (2005)</xref> consideran que el grado de polimerización, el contenido elevado de proteínas, minerales y otros compuestos orgánicos presentes en los materiales pueden afectar la exactitud de los análisis químicos. </p>
				<p>En este trabajo, la producción de las enzimas se expresa en términos de su actividad enzimática, tal como refiere la literatura internacional. Los resultados de la producción de endocelulasas, mananasas y endoxilanasas por <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 durante la FES mostró que existe interacción entre los sustratos y la actividad de las enzimas (P&lt;0,0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabla 3</xref>). La naturaleza de la fuente de carbono en el medio de cultivo influye en la producción de enzimas. Estos resultados indican que todos los residuos evaluados inducen la expresión endoxilanasas por esta cepa. Los valores más elevados se obtuvieron con el afrecho de trigo (25,08 UI.mL<sup>-1</sup>), y le siguió el bagazo de caña (9,32 UI.mL<sup>-1</sup>). La cáscara de arroz y la paja de maíz no presentaron diferencias entre sí.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Producción de endocelulasas, mananasass y endoxilanasas por <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 durante la FES con el uso de diferentes residuos agroindustriales como fuente de carbono. </title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Residuos</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">AE (UI.mL<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">EE ± Sig.</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Endocelulasas</th>
									<th align="center">Mananasas</th>
									<th align="center">Endoxilanasas</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Bagazo de caña</td>
									<td align="center">2,58<sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2,52<sup>bcd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">9,32<sup>f</sup></td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">±0,14 P&lt;0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Afrecho de trigo</td>
									<td align="center">2,75<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2,15<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">25,08<sup>g</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cáscara de arroz</td>
									<td align="center">0,07<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2,07<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6,92<sup>e</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Rastrojo de maíz</td>
									<td align="center">2,47<sup>bcd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2,19<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6,95<sup>e</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Letras distintas indican diferencias significativas según prueba de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Duncan</xref> (P&lt;0,05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gowdhaman <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref> informaron al afrecho de trigo como el mejor inductor de endoxilanasas en una cepa de <italic>Bacillus,</italic> comparada con el bagazo de caña de azúcar, el maíz y la cáscara de arroz. Similares resultados obtuvieron <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kaushik <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ho y Heng (2015)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Zhang y Sang (2015)</xref> en cepas de <italic>Aspergillus lentulus, Penicillium chrysogenum</italic> QML-2 y <italic>Bacillus subtilis,</italic> respectivamente. </p>
				<p>La utilidad del afrecho de trigo como fuente de carbono se atribuye a su composición química, ya que 70 % de los polisacáridos no amiláceos son arabinoxilanos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Maes y Delcour 2002</xref>). Además, este residuo posee minerales, vitaminas y otros compuestos bioactivos que favorecen el crecimiento de los microrganismos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Babu <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). </p>
				<p>Las características físicas de este subproducto benefician su uso como sustrato, pues se degrada fácilmente, ya que sus partículas poseen un extensa área superficial y buena retención de la humedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Stevenson <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref>), lo que favorece el ataque microbiano.</p>
				<p>El bagazo de la caña de azúcar es un buen sustrato para el desarrollo microbiano, debido a que en su composición los carbohidratos representan 70 %, aproximadamente. De estos, los xilanos son, después de los glucanos, los más importantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Batalha <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref>). Por esta razón, diversos autores utilizan este residuo como inductor para la producción de endoxilanasas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Yang <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref>). </p>
				<p>En la cáscara de arroz, procedente de los molinos artesanales, los xilanos ocupan, aproximadamente, 14 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">López 2013</xref>), lo que favorece también la producción de endoxilanasas. En este residuo, los arabinoxilanos son los grupos sustituyentes mayoritarios del xilano y se solubilizan fácilmente ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Vegas <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>). </p>
				<p>El rastrojo y otros residuos de maíz se informan como buenos inductores de endoxilanasas, ya que el contenido de xilano es de aproximadamente 40 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Knob <italic>et al</italic>. 2014</xref>). Estos residuos se utilizan para la producción de estas enzimas por diferentes géneros microbianos, entre los que se incluye <italic>Bacillus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ling 2014</xref>). La diferencia entre los valores de actividad endoxilanasa, obtenidos durante los procesos de fermentación, se puede relacionar con la accesibilidad del sustrato, la velocidad de hidrólisis, la cantidad de xilo oligosacáridos y de xilosa, liberados durante el metabolismo microbiano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">El-Sharnouby <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), así como con la compleja estructura del xilano, que varía en función de la especie vegetal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Wang <italic>et al</italic>. 2014</xref>). </p>
				<p>En cuanto a la producción de endocelulasas, los resultados muestran que no hay diferencias entre el uso del bagazo, el afrecho y el rastrojo de maíz, como fuentes de carbono. Estos residuos se informan en la literatura internacional como buenos inductores de estas enzimas. No obstante, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Sadhu <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Kazemi <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gaur y Tiwari (2015)</xref> coincidieron en que el bagazo de caña fue la mejor fuente de carbono para la producción de endocelulasas durante la FES por <italic>Acinetobacter</italic> sp. KKU44, <italic>Bacillus vallismortis</italic> y <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp, respectivamente. </p>
				<p>Con el uso de la cáscara de arroz se detectó baja actividad de la enzima. Sin embargo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Annamalai <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> informaron la utilidad de la cáscara y el rastrojo de arroz con buenos resultados en la producción de endocelulasas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Dhillon <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> encontraron elevada actividad endocelulolítica en <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic>, con el afrecho de trigo y la cáscara de arroz, solos y combinados. </p>
				<p>La cáscara de arroz es una materia prima de gran interés para la producción de etanol celulósico en Cuba (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Martín 2006</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">López (2013)</xref> comparó muestras de este residuo, procedentes de molinos artesanales y molinos industriales, y halló que la concentración de glucosa de la cáscara de arroz obtenida del molino artesanal es superior que la del industrial (33,5y 2,1 g. L<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente). Este autor atribuyó este hecho a la presencia de glucanos fácilmente hidrolizables. Además, informó la presencia de hidroximetil furfural (0.3g. L<sup>-1</sup>) y ácido fórmico (0.2 g. L<sup>-1</sup>) en este residuo. </p>
				<p>La baja actividad celulósica que se encontró con el uso de este subproducto podría estar asociada a la inhibición de la endocelulasas, debido a diferentes factores: la glucosa es el producto final de la acción del complejo de las celulasas y es, a su vez, el represor de su síntesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Sukumaran <italic>et al</italic>. 2005</xref>). La presencia de compuestos fenólicos a bajas concentraciones, como el hidroximetil furfural, inhibe el complejo enzimático y causa su precipitación e inhibición (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kim <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>). La eliminación de estos compuestos, mediante tratamientos previos a la cáscara de arroz procedente de los molinos artesanales, podría incrementar la producción de esta enzima.</p>
				<p>Diversas investigaciones se desarrollan en aras de mejorar las tecnologías para la producción de celulasas microbianas, debido a sus complejos mecanismos de regulación metabólica. Entre las estrategias desarrolladas con estos fines, se destaca el uso de la FES y la utilización de métodos moleculares, como la mutagénesis, la ingeniería metabólica y la expresión de genes de celulasa a partir de diferentes dominios microbianos, con el propósito de mejorar la síntesis y propiedades catalíticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Kuhad <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>La producción de mananasas se favoreció durante la FES en los cuatro residuos, sin diferencias entre ellos. Estos resultados están en concordancia con los obtenidos por otros investigadores, quienes utilizaron el afrecho de trigo (Singh <italic>et al</italic>. 2010) y el bagazo de caña de azúcar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Chauhan y Gupta 2016</xref>) para la síntesis de estas enzimas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Ravindran <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref> se refirieron a la capacidad que tienen varias especies del género <italic>Bacillus</italic> para producir enzimas que hidrolizan el manano. Estas se inducen, generalmente, en presencia de sustratos ricos en galactomananos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Yamabhai <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>Otros residuos agroindustriales y lignocelulósicos se evaluaron en diversas investigaciones. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Yin <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> utilizaron una mezcla de cáscara de manzana y semillas de algodón para producir mannanasa por <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic> cepa SN-09 en FES. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Pangsri y Pangsri (2017)</xref> informaron valores de actividad enzimática de 0,80; 0.68 y 0.15 U.mL<sup>-1</sup> con el uso de residuos de té y café molido. Generalmente, el bagazo de caña de azúcar, los residuos de soya, el galactomanano, la cáscara de plátano, mango y papa, se utilizan como excelentes inductores para la producción de estas enzimas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Onilude <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Almeida <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref>.</p>
				<p>Las mananasas son enzimas extracelulares e inducibles, y se consideran las segundas en importancia durante la hidrólisis de la hemicelulosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Dhawan y Kaur 2007</xref>). Ellas catalizan la hidrólisis al azar los enlaces β-D-1,4 manopiranósidos de los β-1,4 mananos. La producción de mananasass se reduce a las bacterias Gram positivas, fundamentalmente algunas especies de <italic>Bacillus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Mabrouk y Ahwany, 2008</xref> y Meenakshi <italic>et al</italic>. 2010). </p>
				<p>Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio muestran mayor producción de endoxilanasas por <italic>B.subtilis</italic> E44, con respecto a endocelulasas y mananasas. Varios autores destacan el predominio de microrganismos xilanolíticos en diferentes géneros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Banka <italic>et al</italic>. 2014</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Gupta <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref>). No obstante, las síntesis de estas enzimas se podría incrementar con la aplicación de los métodos de optimización de las fermentaciones. Muchos autores informan producciones de enzimas, con incremento notable de las actividades, que varían entre 10 y 80 % con respecto al medio sin optimizar (Reis <italic>et al</italic>. 2015 y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Zhang y Sang, 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>La posibilidad de disponer de metodologías para producir estas biomóleculas, a partir de materiales lignocelulósicos de fácil disponibilidad, favorece la disminución de los costos de producción de las mismas. La posibilidad de reutilizar residuos agroindustriales disminuye los efectos contaminantes del medio ambiente, asociados a su acumulación.</p>
				<p>Las enzimas, que catalizan la hidrólisis de la celulosa y la hemicelulosa, se emplean como aditivos zootécnicos en la producción animal con resultados favorables. Entre sus beneficios se destaca la disminución de los efectos antinutricionales de los polisacáridos no amiláceos de las dietas y el incremento de la digestibilidad total. Estas enzimas además, complementan la actividad de las enzimas endógenas producidas por el animal y conducen a mejoras en la salud, al reducir las infecciones ocasionadas por patógenos como la <italic>Salmonela</italic> sp. y <italic>Clostridium</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bedford 2018</xref>). </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusiones</title>
				<p>Los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación indican las potencialidades del afrecho de trigo, el bagazo de caña de azúcar y el rastrojo de maíz para la producción de endocelulasas, endoxilanasas y mananasas. Con la cáscara de arroz se indujo la producción de endoxilanasas y mananasas, y no de endocelulasas.</p>
				<p>La bacteria <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44 mostró potencialidades para producir en mayor cuantía enzimas endoxilanasas. El extracto de enzimas obtenido a partir de esta cepa podría ser utilizado como aditivo zootécnico para mejorar la calidad del alimento animal.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimientos</title>
				<p>Se agradece al departamento de Producción Animal, de la Facultad de Veterinaria de la Universidad de León, en España, y a la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID), por el soporte financiero para la realización de estos estudios. Se expresa también gratitud a los colegas de la Estación Experimental de la Caña de Azúcar (EPICA), en Matanzas, Cuba, por su apoyo para la recolección del material, así como al Departamento de Bioestadística Aplicada del Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA) por la ayuda en el procesamiento de los datos.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>