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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00007</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ANIMAL SCIENCE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Effect of diet supplementation with meal of <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stems on hematological indicators and blood biochemistry of fattening rabbits</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Iser</surname>
						<given-names>Maidelys</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valdivié</surname>
						<given-names>M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sanchez</surname>
						<given-names>D.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rosales</surname>
						<given-names>M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Más</surname>
						<given-names>D.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Y.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Granma, Bayamo, Granma, Cuba</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Granma</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Granma</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Bayamo</city>
					<state>Granma</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>San José de las Lajas</city>
					<state>Mayabeque</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Departamento de Producción Animal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA)</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Producción Animal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Guadalajara</city>
					<state>Jalisco</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, México</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias Naturales</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Querétaro</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, Valle de Yeguare, San Antonio de Oriente 96, Honduras</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Escuela Agrícola Panamericana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Valle de Yeguare</city>
					<state>San Antonio de Oriente</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="HN">Honduras</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>ymartinez@zamorano.edu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>05</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>53</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<fpage>403</fpage>
			<lpage>412</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>To evaluate the effect of diet supplementation with <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal on indicators of blood health and blood biochemistry of fattening rabbits, 64 animals of New Zealand x California breed, with 35 days old and for 60 days, were located according to a completely randomized design, with eight repetitions and two animals per repetition. At the end of the experiment, six rabbits were taken per treatment for laboratory analysis. Treatments consisted of a basal diet and three diets with supplements of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of stem meal of <italic>A. tequilana.</italic> Supplements up to 1.5% did not change the clinical blood indicators (P˃0.05) and all values were within the normal ranges for the category and animal species under study. Also, the daily use of <italic>A. tequilana</italic> stem meal reduced proportionally (P &lt;0.05) the prepandrial values of urea nitrogen, glucose, total lipids, triacylglycerides, cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, high lipoprotein density and atherogenic index. In addition, serum creatinine concentration decreased with the 0.5 and 1.5% supplementation (P &lt;0.05) compared to the basal diet and the treatment with 1.0%, although the latter treatments were different among them. This natural product based on <italic>A. tequilana</italic> stem meal, used as a diet supplement during the productive life of fattening rabbits (95 days), indicated hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering properties, without affecting blood health indicators.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd><italic>Agave tequilana</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>blood biochemistry</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>health indicators</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>rabbit fattening</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="4"/>
				<ref-count count="37"/>
				<page-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
			<p>Modern cuniculture production is characterized by high productive intensity, in which animals are subjected to different stress situations. These, in turn, cause imbalances in the intestinal microbiota, with the development of pathogenic microorganisms, immunosuppression, inefficient food conversion, high mortality and decreased zootechnical response (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Jiya <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). For the above reasons, for decades, growth-promoting antibiotics have been used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). Nowadays, functional foods and nutraceutical products have been used for replacing or decreasing the indiscriminate use of these sub-therapeutic antibiotics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ebrahimi <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). Specifically, prebiotics are considered as a viable alternative from a technical, economic and biological point of view due to the security of their inclusion and their zero residuality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>In this sense, plants belonging to the Agave genus have been considered as medicinal sources due to their high concentration of fructans and other chemical substances with anti-inflammatory action, so their use in animal diets promotes production and health of the host (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> 2016a</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Padilla <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sánchez <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chavez <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> showed that the addition of <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal (HTAT) in pig and poultry diets increased the population of cecal beneficial bacteria and modified the harmful serum lipids, respectively. Also, previous results showed that the use of up to 1.5% of HTAT increased the productive performance and quality of fattening rabbit carcass (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> 2016b</xref>). </p>
			<p>However, there is little scientific evidence that refers to the effect of this natural product (HTAT) on blood hematological and biochemical analyzes of rabbits. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> (2016a)</xref> these blood indicators are particularly affected by diet and nutraceutical additives, and it also allows to quickly assess the possible beneficial or harmful effects of the use of new natural products in animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet supplementation with <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal on the hematological indicators and blood biochemistry of fattening rabbits.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>
			<p><italic>Experimental location</italic>. This study was carried out at the Estación de Pruebas de Comportamiento of the facilities of the Instituto de Biotecnología Animal, “Rancho Cofradía” of the Universidad de Guadalajara, located at km 7.5 of the road to San Isidro Mazatepec, Tlajomulco de Zúñiga municipality, Jalisco, Mexico.</p>
			<p><italic>Animals, diets and experimental treatments</italic>. A total of 64 male rabbits of the New Zealand x California crossing with 35 days of age, with initial live weight of 769 ± 2 g were used. They were identified by marking with indelible ink and two rabbits/cage were located for 60 days, according to completely randomized design with four treatments, eight repetitions and two animals per repetition. For sample size, it was taken into ccount the reports of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">de Blas and Mateos (2010)</xref>. </p>
			<p>Four treatments were used: T1: basal diet (DB) as a control; DB + 0.5% of <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal (HTAT); DB + 1.0% of HTAT and DB + 1.5% of HTAT. <italic>A. tequilana</italic> stem meal was supplied by the Centro Universitario de Ciencia Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. According to the manufacturer (CUCBA), this natural product contains 94.10% of dry matter, 2.17% of crude protein, 0.34% of ether extract, 4.01% of ash, 79.65% of total carbohydrates and 43.24% of fructans. Results of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sánchez <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref> were used for selecting supplementation levels of this natural product in diets for rabbits.</p>
			<p>The basal diet for rabbits was prepared according to the nutritional requirements indicated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">de Blas and Mateos (2010)</xref>. The commercial concentrate was produced in an industrial feed mill, with 2.5 mm grain size, as established for this animal species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">de Blas and Mateos 2010</xref>). Ingredients and nutritional contributions of the diet are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ingredients and nutritional contributions of the diet for fattening rabbits (35 to 95 days old)</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Ingredients </th>
								<th align="center">Content (%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Wheat straw</td>
								<td align="center">17.4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Alfalfa hay</td>
								<td align="center">12.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Barley grain</td>
								<td align="center">19.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Wheat bran</td>
								<td align="center">24.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Sunflower meal (crude protein 30 %) </td>
								<td align="center">12.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Soy bean meal (crude protein 44 %)</td>
								<td align="center">11.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Soy bean oil</td>
								<td align="center">2.88</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Sodium chloride</td>
								<td align="center">0.50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Monocalcium phosphate</td>
								<td align="center">0.50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">L-lysine</td>
								<td align="center">0.09</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">L-threonine</td>
								<td align="center">0.08</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">DL-methionine</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Premix<sup>1</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Calculated contributions (%)</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Crude protein</td>
								<td align="center">16.7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Digestible energy (MJ/kg)</td>
								<td align="center">9.92</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Neutral detergent fiber</td>
								<td align="center">29.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Lysine</td>
								<td align="center">0.77</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Methionine + cystine</td>
								<td align="center">0.59</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Threonine </td>
								<td align="center">0.65</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Ashes </td>
								<td align="center">5.37</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><sup>1</sup>Each kg contains: vitamin A 12 000 IU, vitamin D3 2000 IU, vitamin B2 4160 IU, Niacin 16 700 IU, pantothenic acid 8200 IU, vitamin B6 3420 IU, folic acid 0.980 g, vitamin B12 16 mg, vitamin K 1560 IU, Vitamin E 16 g, BHT 8.5 g, cobalt 0.750 g, copper 3.5 g, iron 9.86 g, manganese 6.52 g, sodium 0.870 g, zinc 4.24 g, selenium 6.67 g</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><italic>Experimental conditions</italic>. Rabbits were located in metal cages 76 x 76 x 45 cm long, wide and high, respectively. Food was supplied <italic>ad libitum</italic> twice a day (8:00 am and 4:00 pm) in galvanized tubular feeders and availability adjustments were made, based on the difference between supply and rejection. Water was also offered <italic>ad libitum</italic> in automatic nipple water troughs located in the cages. No medications were offered, nor veterinary therapeutic care was provided during the entire experimental stage. However, the health status of animals was daily checked (presence of diarrhea, vomiting, depression, sneezing, tearing and coughing) and possible deaths were recorded. </p>
			<p><italic>Hematological indicators and blood biochemistry.</italic> At the end of their productive life (95 days old), six rabbits were randomly selected per treatment and sacrificed by the jugular vein bleeding method, at the slaughterhouse of Instituto de Biotecnología Animal Rancho “Cofradía” de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Before the sacrifice, the animals were fasted for 12 hours, only with water <italic>ad libitum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Iser <italic>et al</italic>. 2016b</xref>).</p>
			<p>Out of the sacrificed rabbits per each treatment, 10 mL of blood were taken. To obtain blood serum, samples were let to rest for one hour in 20 mL vials, then centrifuged (Eppendorf centrifuge) at 10,000 rpm and 20 °C for 25 min. To obtain blood plasma, blood was deposited in 2 mL tubes and sodium heparin was added at a ratio of 2: 1. Both samples were stored at -20 °C, until further analysis in the laboratory.</p>
			<p>In blood serum, colorimetric methods were used for determining glucose using the LabAssay ™ Glucose kit (Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd., Chuo-Ku, Osaka, Japan), creatinine using the Creatinine-PAP test kit (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Germany), urea nitrogen with the Enzymatic Kit Urea-ammonium (Boehringer Manheim GmbH, Germany), triglycerides by the MAK266-1KT Triglyceride Quantification Colorimetric / Fluorometric Kit (Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA), total cholesterol with the MAK043-1KT Cholesterol Quantitation Kit (Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA), for very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) with the Quantitation Kit (Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA) and the MAK045-HDL kit, respectively, and total lipids were determined with the MAK055-total lipids-CAL kit, and a Humalyzer 2000 ultraviolet spectrophotometer (Germany) was used. To determine the concentration of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and atherogenic index (AI), the formulas of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Friedewald <italic>et al.</italic> (1972)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dobiášová (2004)</xref> were used, respectively:</p>
			<p>
				<disp-formula id="e1">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>G</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac>
					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
			</p>
			<p>In blood plasma, leukocytes were analyzed by blood smear and Giemsa dye; hemoglobin, by the Hemotest method; hematocrit according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Wintrobe (1962)</xref> and total proteins by Biuret (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gornall <italic>et al.</italic> 1949</xref>), analyzed by means of a Shimadzu UV-Visible 160 A spectrophotometer (Japan). Erythrocytes and platelets were determined by Neubauer chamber method and by the automatic blood count method.</p>
			<p>Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were determined by the following formulas:</p>
			<p>
				<disp-formula id="e2">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">M</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mfrac>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">b</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
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								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi>
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								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
							</mml:mrow>
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								<mml:mtext>Ht (%</mml:mtext>
								<mml:mtext>)</mml:mtext>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:mfrac>
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						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
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								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">%</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
							</mml:mrow>
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							</mml:mrow>
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								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">b</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mtext>*</mml:mtext>
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								<mml:mtext>10)</mml:mtext>
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				</disp-formula>
			</p>
			<p>Hematological studies were carried out in the laboratory of the Centro de Investigación de Patología Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, División de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.</p>
			<p><italic>Statistical analysis.</italic> Data was processed using one-way analysis of variance (Anova) in a completely randomized design. In the necessary cases, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duncan (1955)</xref> test was applied. The statistical software SPSS version 20.0.1. 2012 was used.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows that hematological indicators of fattening rabbits were not altered (P&gt; 0.05) when up to 1.5% of HTAT was added in the diets. They were also within the normal physiological ranges for the species and breed under study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Giusti <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Currently, hematological indicators are taken as health indicators in humans and animals. A variation of them may indicate bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal infections, as well as poisoning, dehydration and blood clotting problems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">El-Ratel <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). These results confirm that animals were maintained throughout the experimental period without visible clinical symptoms.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Effect of diet supplementation with <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal on hematological indicators of fattening rabbits (95 days old)</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="7"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Items</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="7">
 <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal (%)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">0</th>
								<th align="center">0.5</th>
								<th align="center">1.0</th>
								<th align="center">1.5</th>
								<th align="center">SE±</th>
								<th align="center">P Value </th>
								<th align="center">R Value<sup>1</sup></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Erythrocytes (millions/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center">6.53</td>
								<td align="center">6.42</td>
								<td align="center">6.44</td>
								<td align="center">6.48</td>
								<td align="center">0.27</td>
								<td align="center">0.093</td>
								<td align="center">4.5-7.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Leucocytes (thousands/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center">6.69</td>
								<td align="center">6.45</td>
								<td align="center">6.46</td>
								<td align="center">6.40</td>
								<td align="center">0.46</td>
								<td align="center">0.209</td>
								<td align="center">6.0-9.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Hb (g/dL)</td>
								<td align="center">13.44</td>
								<td align="center">13.90</td>
								<td align="center">13.52</td>
								<td align="center">13.32</td>
								<td align="center">0.89</td>
								<td align="center">0.312</td>
								<td align="center">8-15</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Ht (%)</td>
								<td align="center">40.50</td>
								<td align="center">41.60</td>
								<td align="center">40.70</td>
								<td align="center">40.34</td>
								<td align="center">0.98</td>
								<td align="center">0.266</td>
								<td align="center">30-50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">MCH (Pg)</td>
								<td align="center">20.08</td>
								<td align="center">21.55</td>
								<td align="center">20.92</td>
								<td align="center">20.81</td>
								<td align="center">0.88</td>
								<td align="center">0.868</td>
								<td align="center">19-30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">MCV (fL)</td>
								<td align="center">62.02</td>
								<td align="center">64.79</td>
								<td align="center">63.19</td>
								<td align="center">62.25</td>
								<td align="center">1.15</td>
								<td align="center">0.744</td>
								<td align="center">40-80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">MCHC (g/dL)</td>
								<td align="center">33.18</td>
								<td align="center">33.41</td>
								<td align="center">33.22</td>
								<td align="center">33.01</td>
								<td align="center">0.27</td>
								<td align="center">0.206</td>
								<td align="center">32-38</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Platelets (thousands/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center">549.20</td>
								<td align="center">547.40</td>
								<td align="center">550.40</td>
								<td align="center">555.40</td>
								<td align="center">3.87</td>
								<td align="center">0.208</td>
								<td align="center">400-700</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">TP (gm/dL)</td>
								<td align="center">7.28</td>
								<td align="center">7.24</td>
								<td align="center">7.60</td>
								<td align="center">7.66</td>
								<td align="center">0.22</td>
								<td align="center">0.448</td>
								<td align="center">5.2-7.8</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCV: mean corpuscular volume, MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; TP: total protein; Ht: hematocrits; Hb: hemoglobin.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p><sup>1</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Giusti <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref>
							</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>In general, the introduction of a new food and/or additive in animal diets, especially those that do not have enzymatic affinity cause changes in polymorphonuclear leucocytes (neutrophils and eosinophils), by activating the immune system to eliminate the foreign body and/or the possible toxic and allergenic compound (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ghasemi <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Giusti <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). HTAT with a high fructan concentration and the presence of secondary metabolites (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chávez <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>) did not cause adverse symptoms with its nutraceutical addition in the diet of rabbits and did not decrease the defenses (white blood cells). The hemoglobin value indicates that the addition of HTAT may not have affected iron absorption, as, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Martínez <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>, the tannins found in HTAT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Velázquez <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>) prevent the absorption of this mineral, which induces iron deficiency anemia.</p>
			<p> In addition, the hematocrit value reflects that animals were subjected to suitable hydration conditions, this indicator increases due to a hemoconcentration due to water deficit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Martínez <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>). In this sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> (2016a)</xref> found similar results when supplementing up to 1.5% of <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic> stem meal in rabbit diets. This demonstrates that the daily use of HTAT in the diet (up to 1.5%) during the productive life of rabbits does not cause adverse reactions.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows that the diet supplementation of three levels of <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal statistically modified (P &lt;0.05) all the biochemical (blood) indicators measured in fattening rabbits. The use of this natural product (HTAT), up to 1.5% in the diet, proportionally reduced (P &lt;0.05) urea nitrogen, glucose, total lipids, triacylglycerides, cholesterol, VLDL, LDL, HDL and AI. In addition, serum creatine concentration decreased with HTAT, mainly with T2 and T4. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Effect of diet supplementation with <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal on blood biochemistry and atherogenic index of fattening rabbits (95 days old)</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="6"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Items (mg/dL)</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="6">
 <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal (%)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">0</th>
								<th align="center">0.5</th>
								<th align="center">1.0</th>
								<th align="center">1.5</th>
								<th align="center">SE±</th>
								<th align="center">P Value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Urea nitrogen </td>
								<td align="center">39.20ª</td>
								<td align="center">34.00<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">30.52<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">25.22<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.74</td>
								<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Glucose </td>
								<td align="center">129.80ª</td>
								<td align="center">105.50<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">95.20<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">81.60<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.42</td>
								<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Creatinine </td>
								<td align="center">0.98ª</td>
								<td align="center">0.76<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.83<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.78<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.02</td>
								<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">TL</td>
								<td align="center">585.20a</td>
								<td align="center">553.80<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">539.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">512.00<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2.48</td>
								<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">TAG</td>
								<td align="center">180.60ª</td>
								<td align="center">142.60<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">144.40<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">133.68<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.89</td>
								<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Cholesterol </td>
								<td align="center">213.60ª</td>
								<td align="center">185.60<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">180.60<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">172.40<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2.40</td>
								<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">VLDL</td>
								<td align="center">41.80ª</td>
								<td align="center">36.40<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">31.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">31.20<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.87</td>
								<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">LDL</td>
								<td align="center">184.60ª</td>
								<td align="center">85.60<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">86.00<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">67.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.88</td>
								<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">HDL</td>
								<td align="center">65.44<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">67.20ª</td>
								<td align="center">63.80<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">52.20<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.91</td>
								<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">AI</td>
								<td align="center">2.82<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.27<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.34<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.28<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.03</td>
								<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p><sup>a,b,c,d</sup> Means with different letters differ at P&lt;0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duncan 1955</xref>)</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>TL: total lipids; TAG: triacylglycerides, HDL: high density lipoproteins, LDL: low density lipoproteins, VLDL: very low density lipoproteins and AI: atherogenic index</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bossart <italic>et al.</italic> (2001)</xref>, blood urea nitrogen is the final product of protein catabolism and it is often used as an indicator of renal and hepatic function, as well as a measure of relative hydration status of animals. A decrease in this biochemical indicator (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>) with the addition of HTAT indicated that this product increases protein efficiency of the diet, by controlling urea synthesis and liver hydration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Li <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>On the other hand, serum creatinine is one of the main blood biochemical indicators. This indicator is associated with kidney functioning, and a high concentration may indicate acute, chronic kidney diseases and kidney failure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Kin <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). Although rabbits remained without apparent diseases, a decrease in this biochemical indicator with HTAT by 0.22 mg/dL could be the starting point for future research in animals and humans (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>Many reports indicate that foods rich in fructans, such as agaves, reduce serum glucose, by increasing the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP 1) in the endocrine L cells of the intestine. In addition, they stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells and inhibition of secretion of glucagon from α cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Tappenden <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Urías <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref> found a hypoglycemic effect when using <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> extracts in the diets of obese laboratory mice.</p>
			<p>Although there are contradictions about the importance of reducing serum glucose in animals, especially since glucose is an important energy source for several metabolic processes, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Yin <italic>et al.</italic> (2010)</xref>, a decrease in serum glucose suggests a high efficiency in the use of glucose and protein. In addition, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Delzenne and Williams (2002)</xref> reported that a reduction of this carbohydrate favors the decrease of blood circulation of harmful lipids. It was demonstrated that HTAT has an important hypoglycemic effect, since it decreased serum glucose by 48.2 mg/dL with respect to the control.</p>
			<p>Since the 20th century, rabbits have been used as a model to study the influence of food, additives or drugs on the reduction of harmful lipids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Niimi <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). A relevant fact in this study is that the addition of HTAT in the diet of rabbits has an important hypolipidemic effect, due to the reduction of prepandial serum harmful lipids. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, a combination of several physiological, biochemical and microbiological mechanisms is necessary for the reduction of these lipids. Research has shown that HTAT with high concentration of fructans and some beneficial secondary metabolites (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chavez <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>) improves the growth of cecal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and, in turn, the intestinal health of monogastric animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sánchez <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chávez <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>), which could influence on the decrease in serum cholesterol by 41.2 mg / dL with respect to control.</p>
			<p>It is known that LABs increase VFA production, which decreases the enzymatic activity of HMG-CoA that synthesizes endogenous cholesterol. This causes a decrease in the circulation of this lipid due to lower intestinal absorption (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Barclay 2010</xref>). In this sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Shehata <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> demonstrated that probiotic strains are capable of assimilating the cholesterol present in the medium and lowering these blood levels. In this sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hernández <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> found that HTAT has a hypocholesterolemic effect in mice with dyslipidemia. Also, the use of compounds such as inulin, fructans and other prebiotics in diets for non-ruminant species, reduce this lipid in blood (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Generally, a decrease in circulating cholesterol affects a lower concentration of LDL, with high content of esterified cholesterol and low in apolipoprotein (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Martínez <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). In addition, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Navab <italic>et al.</italic> (2001)</xref> report that a decrease of serum cholesterol increases the hepatic expression of LDL receptor and the uptake of these lipoproteins by the liver. Perhaps this caused a decrease of LDL by 117.6 mg/dL, compared to the control.</p>
			<p>In addition, triacylglycerides decreased due to the effect of HTAT by 46.92 mg/dL, compared to the control. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Clarke <italic>et al</italic>. (2002)</xref>, foods rich in fructans and essential fatty acids induce triglyceridemia, since they decrease liver lipogenesis and stimulate the oxidation of fatty acids in liver and muscle. Likewise, a reduction in the circulation of VLDLs was found, consisting mainly of this simple lipid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bennett <italic>et al.</italic> 1995</xref>). Little is known about the action of nutraceutical additives in VLDL. However, some studies state that VLDL have a direct relationship with C-reactive protein, which is activated by innate immunity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Shrivastava <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). It seems that the circulation of this lipoprotein will depend on the immunological status of rabbits, however, other studies are necessary to corroborate this hypothesis.</p>
			<p>In general, a lower concentration of LDL increases HDL, something that did not occur in this experiment. This natural product (HTAT) reduces both serum lipoproteins, although with greater emphasis on LDL, which has the highest percentage of esterified cholesterol and harmful effect (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Martínez <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). However, HTAT reduced atherogenic index by 1.01 compared to basal diet. This indicator showed the effectiveness of HTAT for the decrease in harmful lipids. Currently, there are no indicators of atherogenic indexes for rabbits. However, a decrease in this index should favor the health of these growing animals.</p>
			<p>This natural product based on <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal, used as a diet supplement during the productive life of fattening rabbit (95 days), showed hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties, without affecting hematological health indicators. This article confirms that <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal is an effective natural product to be used as a diet supplement in fattening rabbit diets.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CIENCIA ANIMAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto de la suplementación dietética con harina de tallos de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> en los indicadores hematológicos y bioquímica sanguínea de conejos de ceba</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
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					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref>
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					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
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			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Granma, Bayamo, Granma, Cuba</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Departamento de Producción Animal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, México</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, Valle de Yeguare, San Antonio de Oriente 96, Honduras</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>ymartinez@zamorano.edu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>Para evaluar el efecto de la suplementación dietética con harina de tallos de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> en los indicadores de salud de la sangre y bioquímica sanguínea de conejos de ceba, se ubicaron 64 animales de la raza nueva Zelanda x California con 35 días de edad durante 60 días, según diseño completamente aleatorizado, con ocho repeticiones y dos animales por repetición, al finalizar el experimento se tomaron seis conejos por tratamiento para los análisis de laboratorio. Los tratamientos consistieron en una dieta basal y tres dietas con suplementaciones de 0.5, 1.0 y 1.5 % de harina de tallo de <italic>A. tequilana</italic>. Las suplementaciones hasta el 1.5 % no modificaron los indicadores clínicos sanguíneos (P˃0.05) y todos los valores estuvieron dentro de los rangos normales para la categoría y especie animal en estudio. También, el uso cotidiano de harina de tallo de <italic>A. tequilana</italic> redujo proporcionalmente (P&lt;0.05) los valores prepandriales de nitrógeno ureico, glucosa, lípidos totales, triacilglicéridos, colesterol, lipoproteína de muy baja densidad, lipoproteína de baja densidad, lipoproteína de alta densidad e índice aterogénico. Además, la concentración sérica de creatinina disminuyó con la suplementación de 0.5 y 1.5 % (P&lt;0.05) comparado con la dieta basal y el tratamiento con 1.0 %, aunque estos últimos tratamientos fueron diferentes entre ellos. Este producto natural basado en harina de tallos de <italic>A. tequilana</italic> usado como suplemento dietético durante la vida productiva del conejo de ceba (95 días) indicó propiedades hipoglucemiantes e hipolipemiantes, sin afectar los indicadores de salud en la sangre.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd><italic>Agave tequilana</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>bioquímica sanguínea</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>indicadores de salud</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>conejo ceba</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
				<p>La producción cunícola moderna se caracteriza por la alta intensidad productiva, en la que los animales están sometidos a diferentes situaciones de estrés. Éstas, a su vez, provocan desbalances en la microbiota intestinal, con el desarrollo de microorganismos patógenos, inmunosupresión, ineficiente conversión de los alimentos, alta mortalidad y disminución de la respuesta zootécnica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Jiya <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>). Por las razones anteriores, durante décadas, se han utilizado los antibióticos promotores de crecimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>). En la actualidad, los alimentos funcionales y productos nutracéuticos se han utilizado para sustituir o disminuir el uso indiscriminado de estos antibióticos sub-terapéuticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ebrahimi <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>). Específicamente, los prebióticos se consideran una alternativa viable desde el punto de vista técnico, económico y biológico por la seguridad de su inclusión y su nula residualidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>En este sentido, las plantas pertenecientes al género Agave se han considerado como fuentes medicinales por su alta concentración de fructanos y otras sustancias químicas con acción antinflamatoria, por lo que su uso en las dietas de los animales promueve la producción y salud del huésped (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Iser <italic>et al</italic>. 2016a</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Padilla <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sánchez <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chávez <italic>et al</italic>. (2019)</xref> mostraron que la adición de harina de tallos de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> en las dietas de cerdos y aves incrementó la población de bacterias benéficas cecales y modificó los lípidos perjudiciales séricos, respectivamente. También, resultados previos demostraron que el uso de hasta 1.5% de HTAT incrementó el comportamiento productivo y la calidad de la canal de conejos de ceba refiera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Iser <italic>et al</italic>. 2016b</xref>). </p>
				<p>Sin embargo, existe poca evidencia científica que refieran el efecto de este producto natural (HTAT) en los análisis hematológicos y bioquímica sanguínea de los conejos. Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Iser <italic>et al</italic>. (2016a)</xref> estos indicadores sanguíneos son particularmente afectados por la dieta y por los aditivos nutracéuticos, además permite evaluar de forma rápida los posibles efectos benéficos o perjudiciales del uso de nuevos productos naturales en los animales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la suplementación dietética con harina de tallos de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> en los indicadores hematológicos y bioquímica sanguínea de los conejos de ceba.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS</title>
				<p><italic>Ubicación experimental</italic>. El trabajo se llevó a cabo en la Estación de Pruebas de Comportamiento de las instalaciones del Instituto de Biotecnología Animal, “Rancho Cofradía” de la Universidad de Guadalajara, ubicado en el km 7,5 de la carretera a San Isidro Mazatepec, municipio de Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Jalisco, México. </p>
				<p><italic>Animales, dietas y tratamientos experimentales</italic>. Se utilizaron un total de 64 conejos machos del cruce Nueva Zelanda x California con 35 días de edad, con peso vivo inicial de 769 ± 2 g, se identificaron mediante marcaje con tinta indeleble y se ubicaron dos conejos/jaula durante 60 días, según diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro tratamientos, ocho repeticiones y dos animales por repetición. Para el tamaño de la muestra se tuvo en cuenta lo planteado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">de Blas y Mateos (2010)</xref>. </p>
				<p>Se utilizaron cuatro tratamientos: T1: dieta basal (DB) como control; DB+0.5 % de harina de tallos de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> (HTAT); DB+1.0 % de HTAT y DB+1.5 % de HTAT. La harina de tallos de <italic>A. tequilana</italic> se suministró por el Centro Universitario de Ciencia Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Según el fabricante (CUCBA), este producto natural contiene 94.10% de materia seca , 2.17 % de proteína bruta, 0.34 % de extracto etéreo , 4.01 % de cenizas, 79.65 % de carbohidratos totales y 43.24 % de fructanos. Se tomaron los resultados de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sánchez <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref> para seleccionar los niveles de suplementación de este producto natural en las dietas de los conejos. </p>
				<p>La dieta basal para los conejos se confeccionó según los requerimientos nutricionales indicados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">de Blas y Mateos (2010)</xref>. El concentrado comercial se elaboró en una fábrica industrial de pienso, con 2.5 mm de granulometría, según lo establecido para esta especie animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">de Blas y Mateos 2010</xref>). Los ingredientes y aportes nutricionales de la dieta se muestran en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 1</xref>. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Ingredients and nutritional contributions of the diet for fattening rabbits (35 to 95 days old)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Ingredients </th>
									<th align="center">Content (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Wheat straw</td>
									<td align="center">17.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Alfalfa hay</td>
									<td align="center">12.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Barley grain</td>
									<td align="center">19.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Wheat bran</td>
									<td align="center">24.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Sunflower meal (crude protein 30 %) </td>
									<td align="center">12.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Soy bean meal (crude protein 44 %)</td>
									<td align="center">11.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Soy bean oil</td>
									<td align="center">2.88</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Sodium chloride</td>
									<td align="center">0.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Monocalcium phosphate</td>
									<td align="center">0.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">L-lysine</td>
									<td align="center">0.09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">L-threonine</td>
									<td align="center">0.08</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DL-methionine</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Premix<sup>1</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Calculated contributions (%)</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Crude protein</td>
									<td align="center">16.7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Digestible energy (MJ/kg)</td>
									<td align="center">9.92</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Neutral detergent fiber</td>
									<td align="center">29.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Lysine</td>
									<td align="center">0.77</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Methionine + cystine</td>
									<td align="center">0.59</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Threonine </td>
									<td align="center">0.65</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Ashes </td>
									<td align="center">5.37</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p><sup>1</sup>Each kg contains: vitamin A 12 000 IU, vitamin D3 2000 IU, vitamin B2 4160 IU, Niacin 16 700 IU, pantothenic acid 8200 IU, vitamin B6 3420 IU, folic acid 0.980 g, vitamin B12 16 mg, vitamin K 1560 IU, Vitamin E 16 g, BHT 8.5 g, cobalt 0.750 g, copper 3.5 g, iron 9.86 g, manganese 6.52 g, sodium 0.870 g, zinc 4.24 g, selenium 6.67 g</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Condiciones experimentales</italic>. Los conejos se ubicaron en jaulas metálicas de 76 x 76 x 45 cm de largo, ancho y alto, respectivamente. El alimento se suministró <italic>ad libitum</italic> dos veces al día (8:00 am y 4:00 pm) en comederos tubulares de lámina galvanizada y se realizaron ajustes en la disponibilidad basados en la diferencia entre la oferta y rechazo. El agua se ofreció <italic>ad libitum</italic> en bebederos automáticos de chupón ubicados en las jaulas. No se ofrecieron medicamentos, ni se brindó atención veterinaria terapéutica durante toda la etapa experimental. No obstante, se verificó diariamente el estado de salud de los animales (presencia de diarreas, vómitos, depresión, estornudos, lagrimeo y tos) y se registraron las posibles muertes.</p>
				<p><italic>Indicadores hematológicos y bioquímica sanguínea.</italic> Al final de su vida productiva (95 días de edad), se seleccionaron al azar seis conejos por tratamiento y sacrificaron por el método de desangrado de la vena yugular, en el matadero del Instituto de Biotecnología Animal Rancho “Cofradía” de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Antes del sacrificio los animales se mantuvieron en ayuna durante 12 horas, solo con agua <italic>ad libitum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Iser <italic>et al</italic>. 2016b</xref>).</p>
				<p>De los conejos sacrificados por cada tratamiento, se tomaron 10 mL de sangre. Para la obtención del suero sanguíneo, las muestras se dejaron en reposo durante una hora en viales de 20 mL, luego se centrifugaron (centrífuga Eppendorf) a 10 000 rpm y 20 0C durante 25 min. Para la obtención del plasma sanguíneo, la sangre se depositó en tubos de 2 mL y se adicionó heparina sódica a una proporción de 2:1. Ambas muestras se conservaron a -20 0 C, hasta su futuro análisis en el laboratorio.</p>
				<p>En el suero sanguíneo, se determinó por métodos colorimétricos: la glucosa empleando el kit LabAssay™ Glucose (Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd., Chuo-Ku, Osaka, Japan), creatinina mediante el paquete Creatinine-PAP test kit (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Germany), nitrógeno ureico con el kit Enzymatic Kit Urea-amonio (Boehringer Manheim GmbH, Germany), triglicéridos por el kit MAK266-1KT Triglyceride Quantification Colorimetric/Fluorometric Kit (Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA), colesterol total con el kit MAK043-1KT Cholesterol Quantitation Kit (Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA), para las lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad (VLDL) y lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) con el Quantitation Kit (Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA) y el kit MAK045-HDL, respectivamente y los lípidos totales se determinaron con el kit MAK055-total lipids-CAL, se utilizó un espectrofotómetro ultravioleta marca Humalyzer 2000 (Alemania). Para determinar la concentración de la lipoproteína de baja densidad (LDL) e índice aterogénico (IA), se utilizaron las fórmulas de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Friedewald <italic>et al.</italic> (1972)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dobiášová (2004)</xref>, respectivamente: </p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e3">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>G</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>En el plasma sanguíneo, los leucocitos se analizaron por frotis sanguíneo y colorante de Giemsa; la hemoglobina, por el método Hemotest; el hematocrito según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Wintrobe (1962)</xref> y las proteínas totales por Biuret (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gornall <italic>et al.</italic> 1949</xref>), leídas mediante un espectrofotómetro Shimadzu UV-Visible 160 A (Japón). Los eritrocitos y las plaquetas se determinaron mediante el método de la cámara de Neubauer y por el método cuenta glóbulos automáticos. </p>
				<p>La concentración de la hemoglobina corpuscular media (MCHC), hemoglobina corpuscular media (MHC) y volumen corpuscular medio (MCV) se determinaron por las fórmulas siguientes: </p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e4">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">M</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mfrac>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">b</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
									<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">*</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mtext>Ht (%</mml:mtext>
									<mml:mtext>)</mml:mtext>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfrac>
							<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">M</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
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							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mfrac>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">%</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>*</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mtext>No. eritrocitos (millones</mml:mtext>
									<mml:mtext>/</mml:mtext>
									<mml:msup>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:msup>
									<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
									<mml:mtext>sangre</mml:mtext>
									<mml:mtext>)</mml:mtext>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfrac>
							<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">M</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mfrac>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mtext>(</mml:mtext>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">b</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
									<mml:mtext>*</mml:mtext>
									<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
									<mml:mtext>10)</mml:mtext>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mtext>leucocitos</mml:mtext>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfrac>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>Los estudios hematológicos se realizaron en el laboratorio del Centro de Investigación de Patología Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, División de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.</p>
				<p><italic>Análisis estadísticos</italic>. Los datos se procesaron mediante análisis de varianza (Anova) en un diseño totalmente aleatorizado. En los casos necesarios se aplicó la Dócima de comparación múltiple de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duncan (1955)</xref>. Se usó el software estadístico SPSS versión 20.0.1. 2012.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
				<p>La <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabla 2</xref> muestra que los indicadores hematológicos de conejos de ceba no se alteraron (P&gt;0.05) cuando se adicionó hasta 1.5 % de HTAT en las dietas, además se mantuvieron dentro de los rangos fisiológicos normales de la especie y la raza en estudio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Giusti <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). En la actualidad, los indicadores hematológicos son tomados como indicadores de salud en humanos y animales. Una variación de estos indicadores puede indicar infecciones bacterianas, virales, parasitarias y micóticas, así como intoxicaciones, deshidratación y problemas de coagulación sanguínea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">El-Ratel <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>). Estos resultados confirman que los animales se mantuvieron durante todo el período experimental sin síntomas clínicos visibles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabla 2</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of diet supplementation with <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal on hematological indicators of fattening rabbits (95 days old)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="7"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Items</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="7">
 <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal (%)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">0</th>
									<th align="center">0.5</th>
									<th align="center">1.0</th>
									<th align="center">1.5</th>
									<th align="center">SE±</th>
									<th align="center">P Value </th>
									<th align="center">R Value<sup>1</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Erythrocytes (millions/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">6.53</td>
									<td align="center">6.42</td>
									<td align="center">6.44</td>
									<td align="center">6.48</td>
									<td align="center">0.27</td>
									<td align="center">0.093</td>
									<td align="center">4.5-7.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Leucocytes (thousands/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">6.69</td>
									<td align="center">6.45</td>
									<td align="center">6.46</td>
									<td align="center">6.40</td>
									<td align="center">0.46</td>
									<td align="center">0.209</td>
									<td align="center">6.0-9.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Hb (g/dL)</td>
									<td align="center">13.44</td>
									<td align="center">13.90</td>
									<td align="center">13.52</td>
									<td align="center">13.32</td>
									<td align="center">0.89</td>
									<td align="center">0.312</td>
									<td align="center">8-15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Ht (%)</td>
									<td align="center">40.50</td>
									<td align="center">41.60</td>
									<td align="center">40.70</td>
									<td align="center">40.34</td>
									<td align="center">0.98</td>
									<td align="center">0.266</td>
									<td align="center">30-50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">MCH (Pg)</td>
									<td align="center">20.08</td>
									<td align="center">21.55</td>
									<td align="center">20.92</td>
									<td align="center">20.81</td>
									<td align="center">0.88</td>
									<td align="center">0.868</td>
									<td align="center">19-30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">MCV (fL)</td>
									<td align="center">62.02</td>
									<td align="center">64.79</td>
									<td align="center">63.19</td>
									<td align="center">62.25</td>
									<td align="center">1.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.744</td>
									<td align="center">40-80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">MCHC (g/dL)</td>
									<td align="center">33.18</td>
									<td align="center">33.41</td>
									<td align="center">33.22</td>
									<td align="center">33.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.27</td>
									<td align="center">0.206</td>
									<td align="center">32-38</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Platelets (thousands/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">549.20</td>
									<td align="center">547.40</td>
									<td align="center">550.40</td>
									<td align="center">555.40</td>
									<td align="center">3.87</td>
									<td align="center">0.208</td>
									<td align="center">400-700</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">TP (gm/dL)</td>
									<td align="center">7.28</td>
									<td align="center">7.24</td>
									<td align="center">7.60</td>
									<td align="center">7.66</td>
									<td align="center">0.22</td>
									<td align="center">0.448</td>
									<td align="center">5.2-7.8</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCV: mean corpuscular volume, MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; TP: total protein; Ht: hematocrits; Hb: hemoglobin.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p><sup>1</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Giusti <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref>
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Por lo general, la introducción de un nuevo alimento y/o aditivo en las dietas de los animales, sobre todo aquellos que no tienen afinidad enzimática provocan cambios en los leucocitos polimorfonucleares (neutrófilos y eosinófilos), por la activación del sistema inmune para eliminar el cuerpo extraño y/o el posible compuesto tóxico y alergénico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ghasemi <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Giusti <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). La HTAT con alta concentración de fructanos y con presencia de metabolitos secundarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chávez <italic>et al</italic>. 2019</xref>) no provocó síntomas adversos con su adición nutracéutica en la dieta de los conejos y no disminuyó las defensas (glóbulos blancos). El valor de hemoglobina señala que la adición de la HTAT pudo no haber afectado la absorción del hierro, ya que según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Martínez <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>, los taninos encontrados en el HTAT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Velázquez <italic>et al</italic>. 2019</xref>) impiden la absorción de este mineral, lo que induce anemia ferropriva. </p>
				<p>Además, el valor de hematocrito refleja que los animales se sometieron a condiciones idóneas de hidratación, este indicador aumenta debido a una hemoconcentración por déficit hídrico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Martínez <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>). En este sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Iser <italic>et al</italic>. (2016a)</xref> encontraron resultados similares cuando suplementaron hasta 1.5 % de harina de tallos de Agave fourcroydes en las dietas de los conejos. Esto demuestra que el uso cotidiano de la HTAT en la dieta (hasta 1.5%) durante la vida productiva de los conejos no provoca reacciones adversas. </p>
				<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabla 3</xref> se observa que la suplementación dietética de tres niveles de harina de tallos de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> modificó estadísticamente (P&lt;0.05) todos los indicadores bioquímicos (sanguíneos) medidos en los conejos de ceba. El uso de este producto natural (HTAT) hasta 1.5% en la dieta redujo proporcionalmente (P&lt;0.05) el nitrógeno ureico, glucosa, lípidos totales, triacilglicéridos, colesterol, VLDL, LDL, HDL e IA. Además, la concentración sérica de creatina disminuyó con la HTAT, principalmente con el T2 y T4. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of diet supplementation with <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal on blood biochemistry and atherogenic index of fattening rabbits (95 days old)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="6"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Items (mg/dL)</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="6">
 <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> stem meal (%)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">0</th>
									<th align="center">0.5</th>
									<th align="center">1.0</th>
									<th align="center">1.5</th>
									<th align="center">SE±</th>
									<th align="center">P Value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Urea nitrogen </td>
									<td align="center">39.20ª</td>
									<td align="center">34.00<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">30.52<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">25.22<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.74</td>
									<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Glucose </td>
									<td align="center">129.80ª</td>
									<td align="center">105.50<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">95.20<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">81.60<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.42</td>
									<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Creatinine </td>
									<td align="center">0.98ª</td>
									<td align="center">0.76<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.83<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.78<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.02</td>
									<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">TL</td>
									<td align="center">585.20a</td>
									<td align="center">553.80<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">539.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">512.00<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2.48</td>
									<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">TAG</td>
									<td align="center">180.60ª</td>
									<td align="center">142.60<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">144.40<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">133.68<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.89</td>
									<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cholesterol </td>
									<td align="center">213.60ª</td>
									<td align="center">185.60<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">180.60<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">172.40<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2.40</td>
									<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">VLDL</td>
									<td align="center">41.80ª</td>
									<td align="center">36.40<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">31.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">31.20<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.87</td>
									<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">LDL</td>
									<td align="center">184.60ª</td>
									<td align="center">85.60<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">86.00<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">67.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.88</td>
									<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">HDL</td>
									<td align="center">65.44<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">67.20ª</td>
									<td align="center">63.80<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">52.20<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.91</td>
									<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">AI</td>
									<td align="center">2.82<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.27<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.34<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.28<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
									<td align="center">˂0.001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p><sup>a,b,c,d</sup> Means with different letters differ at P&lt;0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duncan 1955</xref>)</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>TL: total lipids; TAG: triacylglycerides, HDL: high density lipoproteins, LDL: low density lipoproteins, VLDL: very low density lipoproteins and AI: atherogenic index</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bossart <italic>et al</italic>. (2001)</xref>, el nitrógeno ureico en sangre es el producto final del catabolismo de proteínas y se utiliza a menudo como un indicador de la función renal y hepática, así como un medidor del estado de hidratación relativa de los animales. Una disminución de este indicador bioquímico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabla 3</xref>) con la adición de HTAT indicó que este producto incrementa la eficiencia proteica de la dieta, por el control de la síntesis de urea y la hidratación del hígado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Li <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>La creatinina sérica es uno de los principales indicadores bioquímicos sanguíneos, este indicador está asociado al funcionamiento de los riñones. Su concentración elevada puede indicar enfermedades renales agudas, crónicas e insuficiencia renal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Kin <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>). Aunque los conejos se mantuvieron sin enfermedades aparentes, una disminución de este indicador bioquímico con el HTAT en 0.22 mg/dL podría ser el punto de partida para futuras investigaciones en animales y humanos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabla 3</xref>). </p>
				<p>Muchos reportes indican que alimentos ricos en fructanos como los agaves reducen la glucosa sérica, mediante un aumento de la secreción del péptido 1 tipo glucagón (GLP 1) en las células L endocrinas del intestino. Además, estimulan la secreción de insulina de las células β pancreáticas y la inhibición de la secreción de glucagón de las células α (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Tappenden <italic>et al</italic>. 2003</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Urías <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref> encontraron un efecto hipoglucemiante al utilizar extractos de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> en las dietas de ratones de laboratorio obesos. </p>
				<p>Aunque existen contradicciones acerca de la importancia de reducir la glucosa sérica en los animales, sobre todo porque la glucosa es una fuente energética importante para varios procesos metabólicos, según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Yin <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref> una disminución de la glucosa sérica sugiere una alta eficiencia en el uso de glucosa y proteína. Además, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Delzenne y Williams (2002)</xref> reportaron que una reducción de este carbohidrato favorece la disminución de la circulación sanguínea de los lípidos perjudiciales. Se demostró que la HTAT tiene un efecto hipoglucemiante importante, ya que disminuyó en 48.2 mg/dL la glucosa sérica con respecto al control. </p>
				<p>Desde el siglo XX, el conejo ha sido utilizado como modelo para estudiar la influencia de los alimentos, aditivos o fármacos en la reducción de los lípidos perjudiciales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Niimi <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). Un hecho relevante en este estudio es que la adición de HTAT en la dieta de los conejos tiene un efecto hipolipidémico importante, por la reducción de los lípidos perjudiciales séricos prepandiales. Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, para la reducción de estos lípidos es necesario una combinación de varios mecanismos fisiológicos, bioquímicos y microbiológicos. Investigaciones han demostrado que la HTAT con alta concentración de fructanos y algunos metabolitos secundarios benéficos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chávez <italic>et al</italic>. 2019</xref>) mejora el crecimiento de bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) cecales y a su vez la salud intestinal de animales monogástricos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sánchez <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chávez <italic>et al</italic>. 2019</xref>), lo que podría influir en la disminución del colesterol sérico en 41.2 mg/dL con respecto al control. </p>
				<p>Es conocido que las BAL incrementan la producción de AGV, lo que disminuye la actividad enzimática de HMG-CoA, que sintetiza el colesterol endógeno, esto provoca una disminución de la circulación de este lípido por menor absorción intestinal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Barclay 2010</xref>). En este sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Shehata <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, demostraron que cepas probióticas son capaces de asimilar el colesterol presente en el medio y disminuir estos niveles en sangre. En este sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref> encontraron que la HTAT tiene un efecto hipocolesterolémico en ratones con dislipedemia. También, el uso de compuestos como inulina, fructanos y otros prebióticos en las dietas de especie no rumiantes reducen este lípido en sangre (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pérez <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>). </p>
				<p>Generalmente, una disminución del colesterol circulante incide en una menor concentración de las LDL, con alto contenido de colesterol esterificado y bajos en apolipoproteína (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Martínez <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref>). Además, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Navab <italic>et al</italic>. (2001)</xref> refieren que una disminución de colesterol sérico aumenta la expresión hepática del receptor de las LDL y la captación de estas lipoproteínas por el hígado. Quizás esto provocó una disminución de las LDL en 117.6 mg/dL, con respecto al control. </p>
				<p>También, los triacilglicéridos disminuyeron por efecto del HTAT en 46.92 mg/dL respecto al control. Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Clarke <italic>et al</italic>. (2002)</xref>, los alimentos ricos en fructanos y en ácidos grasos esenciales inducen trigliceridemia, ya que estos disminuyen la lipogénesis hepática y estimulan la oxidación de los ácidos grasos en el hígado y el músculo. Asimismo, se encontró una reducción de la circulación de las VLDL, constituida principalmente por este lípido simple (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bennett <italic>et al</italic>. 1995</xref>). Poco se conoce sobre la acción de aditivos nutracéuticos en las VLDL. Sin embargo, algunos estudios afirman que las VLDL tienen relación directa con la proteína C reactiva, que se activa con la inmunidad innata (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Shrivastava <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref>), al parecer la circulación de esta lipoproteína dependerá del estatus inmunológico de los conejos, sin embargo, son necesarios otros estudios para corroborar esta hipótesis. </p>
				<p>Por lo general, una menor concentración de las LDL incrementa las HDL, algo que no ocurrió en este experimento, este producto natural (HTAT) reduce ambas lipoproteínas séricas, aunque con mayor énfasis en la LDL, que posee el mayor por ciento de colesterol esterificado y efecto perjudicial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Martínez <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). Sin embargo, la HTAT redujo el índice aterogénico en 1.01 en comparación con la dieta basal. Este indicador mostró la efectividad de la ATAT para el descenso de los lípidos perjudiciales. Actualmente, no existen indicadores de índices aterogénicos para conejos. No obstante, una disminución de este índice debería favorecer la salud de estos animales en crecimiento.</p>
				<p>Este producto natural basada en harina de tallos de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> usado como suplemento dietético durante la vida productiva del conejo de ceba (95 días) mostró propiedades hipoglucemiantes e hipolipemiantes, sin afectar los indicadores de salud hematológicos. En este artículo se confirma que la harina de tallos de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> es un producto natural eficaz para ser usado como suplemento dietético en las dietas de conejos de ceba.</p>
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	</sub-article>
</article>