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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00002</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Animal science</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Parity does not affect the reproductive response of Suizo Americano cows submitted to embryo transference in tropical areas of Guerrero</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>García y González</surname>
						<given-names>Ethel C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mendoza Medel</surname>
						<given-names>G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pineda Burgos</surname>
						<given-names>Blanca C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Romero Rodríguez</surname>
						<given-names>Perla I.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández Ruiz</surname>
						<given-names>P.E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vicente Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>R.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valencia Franco</surname>
						<given-names>E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ponce</surname>
						<given-names>J.L.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Escuela Superior de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia No. 3, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Tecpan de Galeana, Guerrero, México</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escuela Superior de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia No. 3</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Tecpan de Galeana</city>
					<state>Guerrero</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia No. 2, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, México</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia No. 2</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Cuajinicuilapa</city>
					<state>Guerrero</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, México</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Autlán de Navarro</city>
					<state>Jalisco</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Agrohidráulica - Programa Ingeniero Agrónomo Zootecnista; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Tlatlahuquitepec, Puebla, México</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Agrohidráulica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Tlatlahuquitepec</city>
					<state>Puebla</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><italic>Email:</italic><email>ponce1285@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>53</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>109</fpage>
			<lpage>117</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2017</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2018</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>Recipient cow is the key to success in embryo transfer (ET) programs in cattle. Therefore, it is necessary to know the factors that influence on its reproductive potential. It is considered that multiparous cows have a better response to the ET program than nulliparous cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of parity on the reproductive efficiency of multiparous and nulliparous cows in a fresh ET program. Twenty-six recipient cows of Suizo Americano breed were divided into two experimental groups (n = 13/each) according to their parity (multiparous and nulliparous). Donor cows underwent a synchronization and superovulation program. Subsequently, the recipient cows were treated with fresh ET. The percentage of cows in estrus was higher on day 1 in multiparous cows than in nulliparous cows (P &lt;0.05). On the other hand, gestation percentage, estrus time, embryo stage and pregnancy percentage per uterine horn were not significantly affected among the experimental groups (P&gt; 0.05). In conclusion, parity did not affect the reproductive response of multiparous and nulliparous recipient cows subjected to a fresh ET program under tropical conditions.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>embryos</kwd>
				<kwd>progestogens</kwd>
				<kwd>estrus response</kwd>
				<kwd>recipient and donor cows</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="34"/>
				<page-count count="9"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
			<p>Currently ET in cattle is a well established industry in Mexico and around the world, with 573,970 embryos transferred per year (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hasler 2014</xref>). The objective of ET focuses on genetic improvement of bovine cattle, producing meat, milk and dual purpose (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Galli <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mapletoft 2013</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bó <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). In recent years, genetic improvement in cattle has made great progress thanks to reproductive biotechnologies, artificial insemination (AI) and ET (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">König <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Carvalho <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bó <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). To implement AI and ET techniques, estrogen/estral synchronization protocols are used with synthetic hormones such as progestins and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Armstrong 1993</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bó <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). In turn, these hormones can be combined with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), estradiol, follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) or equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). This combination results in shorter estrus and a suitable ovulation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Galli <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Núñez-Olivera <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). In this way, there is the possibility of having suitable cows for ET and AI at fixed time (with or without estrus detection) in a shorter period of time (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Stevenson <italic>et al.</italic> 2000</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Núñez-Olivera <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>The percentage of gestation in cows subjected to estrus synchronization and ET ranges between 40 and 70 % of efficiency (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hasler 2001</xref>). These differences could be explained by genetic, maternal and environmental factors. For example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bényei <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref>, when performing ET in cows from a tropical region, recorded 43 % of gestation during the rainy season (September-April) and 38 % during dry season (May-August). On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nasser <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref> transferred embryos in Nelore cows and did not find differences in the gestation percentage among multiparous (48.1 %) and nulliparous (45.8 %) cows. In contrast, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hasler <italic>et al.</italic> (2001)</xref> when using fresh ET technique found a higher percentage of pregnancy in multiparous cows than in the nulliparous (79.9 % and 69.9 %). In this sense, success of ET programs used in cows producing meat, milk and dual purpose depends on different factors like if transferred embryos are &quot;fresh&quot; or cryopreserved, age of embryos, degree of estrus synchrony between the donor cow and the recipient, season and the experience of the technician (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hasler 2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Peixoto <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bó <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferraz <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). Likewise, parity of recipient cows is essential to increase the probability of success of ET programs applied to cattle producing meat, milk and dual purpose (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferraz <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of parity on the reproductive efficiency of Suizo Americano cows subjected to a synchronization protocol and fresh ET.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>
			<p><italic>General conditions</italic>. The experimental procedures were carried out according to the official Mexican norms (NOM-062-ZOO-1999), with technical specifications for the production, use and care of laboratory animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">SAGARPA 2001</xref>). The standards described in the manual of the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">International Embryo Transfer Society 2007</xref> were also taken into consideration.</p>
			<p>The present study was carried out during the winter in the ranch &quot;Las Tortolitas&quot;, Ometepec municipality, Guerrero, Mexico. This region is located in the tropics (16°43'26&quot;N, 99°07'24&quot;W), with temperatures higher than 34 °C during the summer (May-August) and minimum temperatures of 19 °C during the winter (December-April), and an average annual rainfall of 1.100 mm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">García 1973</xref>).</p>
			<p><italic>Pre-experimental management of cows</italic>. Before starting the experiment, 99 cows of Suizo Americano breed (60 multiparous and 39 nulliparous) of a commercial herd were dewormed (ivermectin, Sanfer, Mexico D.F.) and vitamins (A, D and E, vigantol, Bayer, Mexico D.F.) were provided. Additionally, rectal ultrasonography was performed using portable ultrasound equipment equipped with a 7.5 MHz rectal transducer (Aloka SSD-500) to detect pregnancy and observe the ovarian structures. During the management, it was verified that cows were clinically healthy and without reproductive problems. Then, the experimental units were selected and the hormonal management and ET were performed.</p>
			<p><italic>Treatments and food</italic>. In the study, 26 recipient Suizo Americano cows, with an average weight of 522 ± 72 kg and body condition of 3.8 ± 0.26 units (scale 1-5 units, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Edmonson <italic>et al.</italic> 1989</xref>) were used, which were divided, under a completely random design, into two experimental groups (n = 13) according to their parity (multiparous and nulliparous). Cows were grazing in paddocks with Tanzania grass (<italic>Panicum maximum</italic>) and star grass (<italic>Cynodon nlemfuensis</italic>) during the day (0500-1700 h) and during the evening (1700-0500 h) they were kept in open pens where they were provided with maize silage supplementation (0.5 kg per cow, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>), blocks of mineral salts, and freely available water.</p>
			<p><italic>Reproductive management of cows.</italic> Superovulation protocol and AI of donor cows. Prior to the superovulation program, donor cows underwent the follicular wave synchronization to coincide the appearance of a new wave with the start of superovulation protocol. This consisted on application of 5 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB; Virbac®) for cows and 2 mg (Syntex®) for heifers, plus 100 mg progesterone (P4, Pfizer®) and the insertion of a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device, containing 1.9 g of progesterone (P4, Zoetis®) on day zero. At the fifth day, superovulation started with the application of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH, Folltropin-V®), fractioned and decreasingly for four days in two daily applications with 12-hour intervals (2 applications of 60, 40, 20 and 20 mg). On the eighth day of treatment, the CIDR was withdrawn, and, on the ninth day of the beginning of superovulation, estrus were detected and each cow and/or heifer (12, 24 and 36 h) was inseminated with semen of Suizo Americano bulls. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Chemical composition of aize silage (<italic>Zea mays</italic>) offered to recipient cows</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-02-109-gt1.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Calculations performed under dry basis Total digestible nutrients (TDN=99.39- 0.7461NDF; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cappelle et al. 2001</xref>), energy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">NRC, 1985</xref>): digestible (DE=TDN x 0.44), metabolizable (ME=0.82 x DE), net of maintanence (ENm=1.37 x ME - 0.14ME2 +0.01ME3 - 1.12) and net of gain (EN=1.42 x ME - 0.17ME2 + 0.012ME3 - 1.65).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><italic>Collection of embryos in donor cows</italic>. Each donor cow was placed in an immobilizing trap for the embryo collection. Once the cow was immobilized, the perianal area was washed and disinfected, 5-8 mL of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride was applied epidurally (Pisacaine® 2% vet, 20 mg lidocaine hydrochloride in 1 mL). When necessary, 2% xylazine was applied as a tranquilizer. Subsequently, a two-way Foley catheter was vaginally inserted, fixing it in the body of the uterus to perform infusions and uterine collections. An amount of 1.5 L of phosphate buffered solution, supplemented with glucose, pyruvate, antibiotics and 0.3% of polyvinyl alcohol (PBS, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Dulbecco and Vogt 1954</xref>) was used. The filter contents were emptied in a 100 x 100 mm square Petri dish with a grid pattern for the subsequent search of embryos in the stereoscopic microscope with a magnification of 20 to 30X. The found embryos were placed in a 35 mm Petri dish with maintenance solution (PBS with bovine serum albumin). They were classified according to their morphology, stage of development on a scale of 1 (stage of a cell) to 9 (stage of hatched blastocyst) and according to their quality as 1 (excellent), 2 (good), 3 (regular) and 4 (degenerated) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">International Embryo Transfer Society 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p><italic>Synchronization protocol and ET for recipient cows</italic>. To synchronize the estrus of recipient cows, a CIDR (Zoetis®) was intravaginally applied on day zero. On the fifth day, 2 mg of EB was administered intramuscularly (i.m.) to multiparous cows, 2.5 mg to nulliparous and 2.5 mg of luteinizing hormone (LH, Pluset®) to all cows. On the seventh day, all the cows received an intramuscular injection with 2 mg of FSH, 5 mg of LH, 0.5 mg of estradiol cypionate (EC, Zoetis®) and CIDR was withdrawn. On the eighth and ninth days, estrus was detected and ET was performed on the 15th day. Estrus detection was carried out from 6:00 to 6:30 h and from 18:00 to 18:30 h during two consecutive days, considering a female in estrus when she allowed two mounts during the observation period (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Orihuela <italic>et al.</italic> 1989</xref>). Estrus cows were prepared for ET. Each female was immobilized and the perianal area was washed and disinfected, applying 5-8 mL of 2 % lidocaine hydrochloride epidurally. The ET technique was transcervical using a French applicator (Embryo transfer gun, Agtech 21 &quot;Sheath, Radiated). The embryo was deposited in the distal third of the ipsilateral uterine horn where ovulation occurred. Gestation diagnosis of cows was performed with ultrasonography at 50 d post ET.</p>
			<p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic>. All the information was analyzed with the statistical program SYSTAT 13® (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">SYSTAT 13</xref>), under a completely at random design, where the cow was the experimental unit. In order to check the normal distribution of data from different variables, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors, normality test was used, and showed that most of the continuous data had a normal distribution. Therefore, parametric statistical tests were used. The reproductive variables gestation percentage, gestation by uterine horn (right vs. left), day of estrus, time of estrus and stage of the embryo (blastocyst and expanded blastocyst) were analyzed with the χ2 test. To compare means among groups of cows, the t-student test was used. Probabilities were considered as significant at P &lt;0.05. All the results of the study were expressed as a percentage.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
			<p>The percentage of recipient cows with estrus was higher on the first day in multiparous cows than in nulliparous cows (P &lt;0.05). However, the percentage of pregnant diagnosed cows was similar among groups (P&gt; 0.24). In addition, the time of estrus in the morning and afternoon (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>), and the stage of the blastocyst vs. expanded blastocyst embryo did not vary due to parity of cows (P&gt; 0.05, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>). There was also no effect on the percentage of pregnancy between the right and left uterine horns, independently of the experimental group (P&gt; 0.05, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>). The results of the present study show that multiparous cows had a greater response of estrus than nulliparous cows. In contrast, the percentage of pregnant cows, the time of estrus and the stage of the embryo were similar between multiparous and nulliparous cows.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Reproductive performance of recipient cows that underwent fresh embryo transference</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-02-109-gt2.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>a,b Indicate significant differences within the same column (P&lt;0.05)</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>x,y Indicate significant difference within the same line (P&lt;0.05)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Fig. 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Percentage of cows (multiparous▲ and nulliparous ●) that received embryos in stage of blastocyst or expanded blastocyst in the right or left horn. Results were not statistically significant among groups. In the superior part of shapes (▲, ●), P value is presented </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-02-109-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Similar results were recorded by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chebel <italic>et al.</italic> (2008)</xref> (83 % of gestation), but different from that found by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferraz <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, who reported in their study a higher percentage of pregnancy in nulliparous cows (42 %) than in multiparous cows (31.6 %). This difference in gestation percentage due to the effect of parity, probably due to the good functionality of the corpus luteum (CL) of the recipient cows (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Siqueira <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>). Although in this study progesterone levels in blood (P4) were not measured, results allow to infer that CL had an adequate secretion of this hormone. In addition, body condition of females demonstrates an adequate nutrition. Therefore, it is inferred that results were not affected by the nutritional state of these cows, regardless of parity.</p>
			<p>Estrus response was superior in multiparous cows regarding nulliparous cows (92 % vs. 54 %) in the first 24 h after removing the CIDR. These results are similar to those found by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Orihuela <italic>et al.</italic> (1989)</xref>, who reported a 95 % estrus response in cows synchronized with a synthetic progestogen. Regarding estrus time, the results of this research are similar to those found by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Orihuela <italic>et al.</italic> (1989)</xref>, where more than 90 % of cows showed signs of estrus in the first 58 h after removing the CIDR. In contrast, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Martínez-González <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref> only recorded a 76 % of estrus response. This difference between the results of this study and those of these authors is probably because multiparous cows of the present study already had previous sexual experience, to the climatic conditions of winter, and, in general, to the good reproductive management applied to recipient cows in this study.</p>
			<p>Gestation percentage due to parity in cows to that an embryo was transferred in the blastocyst stage did not differ with respect to those of the expanded blastocyst. Contrary to these results, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferraz <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> found a lower gestation percentage in nulliparous cows (36.5 %) than in multiparous cows (38.1%). Consistent with the data recorded in this study, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ling <italic>et al.</italic> (1995)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pérez-Durand <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> obtained a higher gestation percentage in cows when an early embryo morula and blastocyst stage (day 6 or 7 after artificial insemination) was transferred than in those cows that an older embryo was transferred. In this sense, the state of development and quality of embryos have an important function in the success of ET programs. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Görlach (1999)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferraz <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> mentioned that the best moment for collecting embryos after artificial insemination is day 7, in addition to being the appropriate time for practicing the fresh ET, the ideal stage of the embryo is expanded blastocyst.</p>
			<p>Gestation percentage between uterine horns (right and left) was not affected by the parity of cows. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Tervit <italic>et al.</italic> (1977)</xref> agreed with these results because they did not find differences between both uterine horns in their study. These authors did not evaluate the parity effect because the cows used were nulliparous and were not affected in the pregnancy, although the CL was found in the ovary opposite to where the pregnant horn was. This is interesting, since <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Fernández-Baca <italic>et al.</italic> (1973)</xref> pointed out that, in llamas, the highest gestation percentage occurs in the left horn, contrary to that of bovines, which occurs in the right horn (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">López-Gatius 1997</xref>). Although <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Fernández-Baca <italic>et al.</italic> (1979)</xref> mentioned that embryonic migration between uterine horns (right and left), it occurs because if the gestation occurs in the left horn, it may cause luteolysis of CL of the right ovary and end with gestation. Physiologically, this type of studies are interesting because of the participation of P4 in the maintenance of pregnancy, especially during the first days, which is the critical stage of embryonic implantation and it is the moment when it is decided whether gestation proceeds or not.</p>
			<p>Finally, this research was conducted in a subhumid tropical region of Guerrero state during the winter, period in which the lowest environmental temperatures of the year (19 °C) are present. Therefore, it is suggested that cows subjected to ET program were not affected by heat stress. This shows some interesting research perspectives, such as comparing the variables studied at different times of the year (summer vs. winter), as well as evaluating the effect of other factors that may alter the reproductive response of cows such as: temperature-humidity index (THI) and caloric stress. These factors can negatively affect the reproductive response of multiparous and nulliparous cows (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Putney <italic>et al.</italic> 1989</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferraz <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
			<p>Results of this study allows to conclude that the parity does not affect the reproductive response of recipient Suizo Americano cows subjected to a ET program in tropical areas. Multiparous cows had a similar gestation percentage to nulliparous ones, but responded in greater proportion to estrus in the first 24 h after withdrawing the intravaginal device. Gestation percentage per uterine horn, time of estrus andstage of the embryo were not affected by the parity of cows (multiparous and nulliparous).</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgements</title>
			<p>The authors thank all members of the proposal: Cuerpo Académico de “Sistemas de Producción Animal” of the Escuela Superior de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia No. 3, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero. Especial thanks to M.Sc. Gabriel Mendoza Medel and M.V.Z. Rubí Celia Hernández García for her technical assistance during the experimental process.</p>
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							<given-names>G.C.</given-names>
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							<surname>Corah</surname>
							<given-names>L.R</given-names>
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					<year>2000</year>
					<article-title>Synchronizing estrus and or ovulation in beef cows after combinations of GnRH, norgestomet, and prostaglandin F2α with or without time insemination</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>78</volume>
					<fpage>1747</fpage>
					<lpage>1758</lpage>
					<issn>0378-4320</issn>
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				<mixed-citation>SYSTAT 13. Cranes software international Ltd; San José, CA, USA, 2009. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="software">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>SYSTAT 13</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Cranes software international Ltd</source>
					<publisher-loc>San José, CA, USA</publisher-loc>
					<year>2009</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B34">
				<mixed-citation>Tervit, H.R., Havik, P.G. &amp; Smith, J.F. 1977. Egg transfer in cattle: Pregnancy rate following transfer to the uterine horn ipsilateral of contralateral to the functional corpus luteum. Theriogenology, 7: 3-10, ISSN: 0093-691X, DOI: 10.1016/0093-691X(77)90262-X.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tervit</surname>
							<given-names>H.R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Havik</surname>
							<given-names>P.G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Smith</surname>
							<given-names>J.F</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1977</year>
					<article-title>Egg transfer in cattle: Pregnancy rate following transfer to the uterine horn ipsilateral of contralateral to the functional corpus luteum</article-title>
					<source>Theriogenology</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<fpage>3</fpage>
					<lpage>10</lpage>
					<issn>0093-691X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0093-691X(77)90262-X</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ciencia Animal</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>La paridad no afecta la respuesta reproductiva de vacas Suizo Americano sometidas a transferencia de embriones en el trópico de Guerrero</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>García y González</surname>
						<given-names>Ethel C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mendoza Medel</surname>
						<given-names>G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pineda Burgos</surname>
						<given-names>Blanca C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Romero Rodríguez</surname>
						<given-names>Perla I.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández Ruiz</surname>
						<given-names>P.E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vicente Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>R.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valencia Franco</surname>
						<given-names>E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ponce</surname>
						<given-names>J.L.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Escuela Superior de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia No. 3, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Tecpan de Galeana, Guerrero, México</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia No. 2, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa,Guerrero, México</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, México</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Agrohidráulica - Programa Ingeniero Agrónomo Zootecnista; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Tlatlahuquitepec, Puebla, México</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><italic>Email:</italic><email>ponce1285@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>La vaca receptora es la clave del éxito en programas de transferencia de embriones (TE) en el ganado bovino. Por lo tanto, es necesario conocer los factores que influyen en su potencial reproductivo. Se considera que las vacas multíparas presentan una mejor respuesta al programa de TE que las vacas nulíparas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la paridad en la eficiencia reproductiva de vacas multíparas y nulíparas en un programa de TE en fresco. Veintiséis vacas receptoras de raza Suizo Americano se dividieron en dos grupos experimentales (n = 13/c.u.) de acuerdo con su paridad (multíparas y nulíparas). Las vacas donadoras se sometieron a un programa de sincronización y superovulación, y posteriormente se aplicó la TE en fresco a las vacas receptoras. El porcentaje de vacas en estro fue mayor en el día 1 en las vacas multíparas que en las nulíparas (P&lt;0.05). Por su parte, el porcentaje de gestación, la hora del estro, el estadio del embrión y el porcentaje de gestación por cuerno uterino no se afectaron significativamente entre los grupos experimentales (P&gt;0.05). En conclusión, la paridad no afectó la respuesta reproductiva de las vacas receptoras multíparas y nulíparas sometidas a un programa de TE en fresco en condiciones tropicales.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>embriones</kwd>
				<kwd>progestágenos</kwd>
				<kwd>respuesta estral</kwd>
				<kwd>vacas receptoras y donadoras</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
				<p>Actualmente la TE en el ganado bovino es una industria bien establecida en México y el mundo, con 573 970 embriones transferidos al año (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hasler 2014</xref>). El objetivo de la TE se enfoca en el mejoramiento genético del ganado bovino productor de carne, leche y doble propósito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Galli <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mapletoft 2013</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bó <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). En años recientes el mejoramiento genético en bovinos ha tenido gran avance gracias a las biotecnologías reproductivas, inseminación artificial (IA) y TE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">König <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Carvalho <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bó <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para implementar las técnicas de IA y TE se usan protocolos de sincronización estral con hormonas sintéticas como progestágenos y prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Armstrong 1993</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bó <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). A su vez, estas hormonas se pueden combinar con la hormona liberadora de gonadotropinas (GnRH), estradiol, hormona folículo estimulante (FSH) o gonadotropina coriónica equina (eCG). Esta combinación resulta en estros más cortos y una ovulación idónea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Galli <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Núñez-Olivera <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). De esta manera, existe la posibilidad de tener vacas aptas para TE e IA a tiempo fijo (con o sin detección de estros) en un periodo de tiempo más corto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Stevenson <italic>et al.</italic> 2000</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Núñez-Olivera <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>El porcentaje de gestación en vacas sometidas a sincronización estral y TE oscila entre el 40 y 70 % de eficiencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hasler 2001</xref>). Estas diferencias podrían ser explicadas por factores genéticos, maternos y ambientales. Por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bényei <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref> al realizar TE en vacas en una región tropical, registraron 43 % de gestación durante el periodo de lluvias (septiembre-abril) y 38 % durante el periodo de secas (mayo-agosto). Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nasser <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref> transfirieron embriones en vacas Nelore y no encontraron diferencias en el porcentaje de gestación entre vacas multíparas (48.1 %) y nulíparas (45.8 %). En contraste, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hasler <italic>et al.</italic> (2001)</xref> al utilizar la técnica de TE “en fresco” encontraron mayor porcentaje de gestación en vacas multíparas que en las nulíparas (79.9 % y 69.9 %). En este sentido, el éxito de los programas de TE utilizados en vacas productoras de carne, leche y doble propósito depende de diferentes factores; si los embriones transferidos son “frescos” o criopreservados, la edad del embrión, el grado de sincronía del estro entre la vaca donadora y la receptora, la época del año y la experiencia del técnico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hasler 2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Peixoto <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bó <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferraz <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). Asimismo, la paridad de las vacas receptoras es clave para incrementar la probabilidad de éxito de los programas de TE aplicados en el ganado bovino productor de carne, leche y doble propósito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferraz <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la paridad en la eficiencia reproductiva de las vacas Suizo Americano sometidas a un protocolo de sincronización y TE en fresco.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS</title>
				<p><italic>Condiciones generales</italic>. Los procedimientos experimentales se realizaron de acuerdo con la Norma Oficial Mexicana (NOM-062-ZOO-1999), con especificaciones técnicas para la producción, uso y cuidado de los animales de laboratorio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">SAGARPA 2001</xref>), así como con los estándares descritos en el manual de la Sociedad Internacional de Transferencia de Embriones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">International Embryo Transfer Society 2007</xref>). El presente estudio se realizó durante el invierno en el rancho “Las Tortolitas”, Municipio de Ometepec, Guerrero, México. Esta región se localiza en el trópico (16°43’26”LN, 99°07’24”LO), presenta temperaturas mayores a 34 °C durante el verano (mayo-agosto) y mínimas de 19 °C durante el invierno (diciembre-abril), y una precipitación promedio anual de 1,100 mm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">García 1973</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Manejo pre-experimental de las vacas</italic>. Antes de iniciar el experimento, 99 vacas de raza Suizo Americano (60 multíparas y 39 nulíparas) de un hato comercial se desparasitaron (ivermectina; Sanfer, México D.F.) y se vitaminaron (A, D y E; vigantol, Bayer, México D.F.). Adicionalmente, se les realizó ultrasonografía rectal utilizando un equipo de ultrasonido portátil provisto de un transductor rectal de 7.5 MHz (Aloka SSD-500) para detectar preñez y observar las estructuras ováricas. Durante el manejo se verificó que las vacas estuvieran clínicamente sanas y sin problemas reproductivos. Posteriormente se seleccionaron las unidades experimentales y se realizó el manejo hormonal y la TE.</p>
				<p><italic>Tratamientos y alimentación</italic>. En el estudio se utilizaron 26 vacas receptoras de raza Suizo Americano con peso promedio de 522 ± 72 kg y condición corporal de 3.8 ± 0.26 unidades (escala 1-5 unidades) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Edmonson <italic>et al.</italic> 1989</xref>), las cuales se dividieron, con un diseño completamente al azar, en dos grupos experimentales (n= 13) de acuerdo con su paridad (multíparas y nulíparas). Las vacas se encontraban en pastoreo en potreros de pasto Tanzania (<italic>Panicum maximum</italic>) y pasto Estrella (<italic>Cynodon nlemfuensis</italic>) durante el día (0500 a 1700 h) y por la tarde-noche (1700 a 0500 h) se mantenían en corrales abiertos donde se les proporcionaba una suplementación de ensilaje de maíz (0.5 kg por vaca; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 1</xref>), bloques de sales minerales y agua a libre acceso.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Chemical composition of maize silage (Zea mays) offered to recipient cows</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-02-109-gt3.jpg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Calculations performed under dry basis Total digestible nutrients (TDN=99.39-0.7461NDF; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cappelle et al. 2001</xref>), energy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">NRC, 1985</xref>): digestible (DE=TDN x 0.44), metabolizable (ME=0.82 x DE), net of maintanence (ENm=1.37 x ME - 0.14ME2 + 0.01ME3 - 1.12) and net of gain (EN=1.42 x ME - 0.17ME2 + 0.012ME3 - 1.65).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Manejo reproductivo de las vacas</italic>. Protocolo de superovulación e IA de vacas donadoras. Previo al programa de superovulación las vacas donadoras se sometieron a la sincronización de la oleada de desarrollo folicular para hacer coincidir la aparición de una nueva oleada con el inicio del protocolo de superovulación. Este consistió en la aplicación de 5 mg de benzoato de estradiol (BE; Virbac®) para vacas y 2 mg para vaquillas (Syntex®) más 100 mg de progesterona (P4, Pfizer®) y la inserción de un dispositivo intravaginal de liberación controlada (CIDR), que contenía 1.9 g de progesterona (P4; Zoetis®) en el día cero. Al quinto día, se inició la superovulación con la aplicación de la hormona folículo estimulante (FSH; Folltropin-V®) de manera fraccionada y decreciente durante cuatro días en dos aplicaciones diarias con intervalos de 12 h (2 aplicaciones de 60, 40, 20 y 20 mg). Al octavo día del tratamiento se retiró el CIDR. Al día nueve de haber iniciado la superovulación se detectaron estros y se inseminó a cada vaca y/o vaquilla (12, 24 y 36 h) con semen de toro Suizo Americano.</p>
				<p><italic>Colección de embriones en vacas donadoras</italic>. Cada vaca donadora se colocó en una trampa inmovilizadora para la colección de embriones. Cuando la vaca estaba inmovilizada se lavó y desinfectó el área perianal, se aplicó 5-8 mL de clorhidrato de lidocaína al 2 % por vía epidural (Pisacaina® 2 % vet, 20 mg de clorhidrato de lidocaína en 1 mL). Cuando fue necesario se aplicó xilacina al 2 % como tranquilizante. Posteriormente, se insertó una sonda Foley de dos vías por vía vaginal, fijándola en el cuerpo del útero para realizar las infusiones y colecciones uterinas. Se utilizaron 1.5 L de solución amortiguadora fosfatada, suplementada con glucosa, piruvato, antibióticos y 0.3% de alcohol polivinílico (PBSm; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Dulbecco y Vogt 1954</xref>). Se vació el contenido del filtro en una caja de Petri cuadrada de 100 x 100 mm con fondo cuadriculado para la posterior búsqueda de embriones en el microscopio estereoscópico provisto de un aumento de 20 a 30X. En una caja de Petri de 35 mm con solución de mantenimiento (PBSm con albúmina sérica bovina) se colocaron los embriones que se encontraron. Los embriones se clasificaron de acuerdo con su morfología, estadio de desarrollo en una escala del 1 (estadio de una célula) al 9 (estadio de blastocito eclosionado) y según su calidad como 1 (excelente), 2 (bueno), 3 (regular) y 4 (degenerado) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">International Embryo Transfer Society 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Protocolo de sincronización y TE para vacas receptoras</italic>. Para sincronizar el estro de las vacas receptoras, en el día cero se aplicó intravaginalmente un CIDR (Zoetis®). Al quinto día se aplicó vía intramuscular (i.m.) 2 mg de BE a las vacas multíparas, 2.5 mg a las nulíparas y 2.5 mg de hormona luteinizante (LH; Pluset®) a todas las vacas. En el séptimo día a todas las vacas se les inyectó vía i.m. 2 mg de FSH, 5 mg de LH, 0.5 mg de cipionato de estradiol (CE; Zoetis®) y se retiró el CIDR. En el octavo y noveno días se detectó el estro y en el día 15 se realizó la TE. La detección de estros se realizó de 6:00 a 6:30 h y de 18:00 a 18:30 h durante dos días consecutivos, considerando una hembra en estro cuando permitió dos montas durante el periodo de observación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Orihuela <italic>et al.</italic> 1989</xref>). A las vacas en estro se les preparó para la TE. Cada hembra se colocó en una trampa inmovilizadora en donde se lavó y desinfectó el área perianal, aplicándose 5-8 mL de clorhidrato de lidocaína al 2 % por vía epidural. La técnica de TE fue por vía transcervical usando un aplicador francés (Embryo transfer gun, Agtech 21” Sheath, Radiated). El embrión se depositó en el tercio distal del cuerno uterino ipsilateral donde ocurrió la ovulación. El diagnóstico de gestación de las vacas se realizó con ultrasonografía a los 50 d post TE.</p>
				<p><italic>Análisis estadísticos</italic>. Toda la información se analizó con el programa estadístico SYSTAT 13® (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">SYSTAT 13</xref>), con un diseño completamente al azar donde la vaca fue la unidad experimental. Para comprobar si los datos de las diferentes variables presentaban una distribución normal se usó la prueba de normalidad Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors, y arrojó que la mayoría de los datos continuos presentaban una distribución normal. Por lo tanto, se utilizaron pruebas de estadística paramétrica. Las variables reproductivas porcentaje de gestación, gestación por cuerno uterino (derecho vs. izquierdo), día del estro, hora del estro y estadio del embrión (blastocisto y blastocisto expandido) se analizaron con la prueba de χ2. Para comparar las medias entre grupos de vacas se usó la prueba de t-student. Las probabilidades se consideraron significativas a P&lt;0.05. Todos los resultados del estudio se expresaron en porcentaje.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
				<p>El porcentaje de vacas receptoras en estro fue mayor el primer día en las vacas multíparas que en las nulíparas (P&lt;0.05). Sin embargo, el porcentaje de vacas diagnosticadas gestantes fue similar entre grupos (P&gt;0.24). Además, la hora al estro en la mañana y la tarde (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 2</xref>), y el estadio del embrión blastocisto vs. blastocisto expandido no variaron por efecto de la paridad de las vacas (P&gt;0.05; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref>). Tampoco existió efecto en el porcentaje de gestación entre los cuernos uterinos derecho vs. izquierdo, independientemente del grupo experimental (P&gt;0.05; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Reproductive performance of recipient cows that underwent fresh embryo transference</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-02-109-gt4.jpg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>a,b Indicate significant differences within the same column (P&lt;0.05)</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>x,y Indicate significant difference within the same line (P&lt;0.05)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Fig. 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Percentage of cows (multiparous▲ and nulliparous ●) that received embryos in stage of blastocyst or expanded blastocyst in the right or left horn. Results were not statistically significant among groups. In the superior part of shapes (▲, ●), P value is presented</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-02-109-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Los resultados del presente estudio muestran que las vacas multíparas tuvieron mayor respuesta al estro que las nulíparas. En cambio, el porcentaje de vacas gestantes, la hora al estro y el estadio del embrión fueron similares entre vacas multíparas y nulíparas. Resultados similares reportaron <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chebel <italic>et al.</italic> (2008)</xref> (83 % de gestación), pero diferentes al encontrado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferraz <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, quienes reportaron en su estudio un mayor porcentaje de gestación en vacas nulíparas (42 %) que en las multíparas (31.6 %). Esta diferencia entre el porcentaje de gestación por efecto de la paridad, probablemente se deba a la buena funcionalidad del cuerpo lúteo (CL) de las vacas receptoras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Siqueira <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>). Si bien, en este estudio no se miden niveles de progesterona en sangre (P4), los resultados permiten inferir que el CL tenía adecuada secreción de esta hormona. También, la condición corporal de las hembras refleja adecuada nutrición. Por lo tanto, se infiere que los resultados no se afectaron por el estado nutricional de estas vacas, independientemente de la paridad.</p>
				<p>La respuesta estral fue mayor en las vacas multíparas con respecto a las nulíparas (92 % vs. 54 %) en las primeras 24 h después de retirar el CIDR. Estos resultados son similares a los encontrados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Orihuela <italic>et al.</italic> (1989)</xref>, quienes reportaron 95 % de respuesta estral en vacas sincronizadas con un progestágeno sintético. Referente a la hora del estro, los resultados de la presente investigación son similares a los encontrados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Orihuela <italic>et al.</italic> (1989)</xref>, donde más del 90 % de las vacas mostraron signos de estro en las primeras 58 h después de retirar el CIDR. En contraste, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Martínez-González <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref> sólo registraron una respuesta estral del 76 %. Esta discrepancia entre los resultados del presente estudio y los de estos autores probablemente se deben a que las vacas multíparas del presente estudio ya tenían previa experiencia sexual, a las condiciones climáticas del invierno, y, en general, al buen manejo reproductivo aplicado a las vacas receptoras en el presente estudio.</p>
				<p>El porcentaje de gestación por efecto paridad de las vacas a las que se les transfirió un embrión en estadio de blastocisto no difirió con respecto a las de blastocisto expandido. Contrario a estos resultados, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferraz <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> encontraron menor porcentaje de gestación en vacas nulíparas (36.5 %) que en multíparas (38.1 %). Consistente con los datos registrados en dicho estudio, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ling <italic>et al.</italic> (1995)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pérez-Durand <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> obtuvieron mayor porcentaje de gestación en las vacas cuando se les transfirió un embrión en estadio de mórula y blastocisto temprano (día 6 o 7 posterior a la inseminación artificial) que en aquellas vacas que se le transfirió un embrión de mayor edad. En este sentido, el estado de desarrollo y calidad embrionaria juega un papel importante en el éxito de los programas de TE. Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Görlach (1999)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferraz <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> mencionan que el momento oportuno para recolectar embriones después de la inseminación artificial es en el día 7, además de ser el momento apropiado para practicar la TE en fresco, la etapa ideal del embrión es de blastocisto expandido.</p>
				<p>El porcentaje de gestación entre cuernos uterinos (derecho e izquierdo) no se afectó por la paridad de las vacas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Tervit <italic>et al.</italic> (1977)</xref> coinciden con estos resultados, ya que en su estudio no encontraron diferencias entre ambos cuernos uterinos. Estos autores no evaluaron el efecto paridad debido a que las vacas utilizadas eran nulíparas y no se afectaron en la gestación, aunque el CL se encontrara en el ovario contrario a donde estaba el cuerno gestante. Esto es interesante, ya que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Fernández-Baca <italic>et al.</italic> (1973)</xref> señalan que, en las llamas, el mayor porcentaje de gestación ocurre en el cuerno izquierdo contrario al de los bovinos (que ocurre en el cuerno derecho) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">López-Gatius 1997</xref>). Aunque <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Fernández-Baca <italic>et al.</italic> (1979)</xref> mencionan que la migración embrionaria entre cuernos uterinos (derecho e izquierdo), se da porque, si la gestación ocurre en el cuerno izquierdo puede causar luteólisis del CL del ovario derecho y terminar con la gestación. Fisiológicamente este tipo de estudios son interesantes por la participación que tiene la P4 en el mantenimiento de la gestación, sobre todo en los primeros días que es la etapa crítica de implantación embrionaria y es el momento en donde se decide si procede o no la gestación.</p>
				<p>Finalmente, el presente estudio se realizó en una región del trópico subhúmedo del estado de Guerrero durante el invierno, periodo del año en el cual se presentan las temperaturas ambientales más bajas del año (19 °C), por lo que se plantea que las vacas sometidas al programa de TE no se afectaron por el estrés calórico. Esto abre algunas perspectivas de investigación interesantes, como comparar las variables estudiadas en distintas épocas del año (verano vs. invierno), así como evaluar el efecto de otros factores que puedan alterar la respuesta reproductiva de las vacas como el índice de temperatura y humedad (ITH) y el estrés calórico, factores que pueden afectar negativamente la respuesta reproductiva de las vacas multíparas y nulíparas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Putney <italic>et al.</italic> 1989</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferraz <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
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				<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
				<p>Los resultados del presente estudio permiten concluir que la paridad no afecta la respuesta reproductiva de las vacas receptoras de raza Suizo Americano sometidas a un programa de TE en el trópico. Las vacas multíparas tuvieron un porcentaje de gestación similar a las nulíparas, pero respondieron en mayor proporción al estro en las primeras 24 h después de retirar el dispositivo intravaginal. El porcentaje de gestación por cuerno uterino, la hora del estro y el estadio del embrión no se afectaron por la paridad de las vacas (multíparas y nulíparas).</p>
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				<title>Agradecimientos</title>
				<p>Los autores agradecen a todos los miembros de la propuesta: Cuerpo Académico de “Sistemas de Producción Animal” de la Escuela Superior de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia No. 3, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero. Especialmente, al MSc Gabriel Mendoza Medel y a la M.V.Z. Rubí Celia Hernández García por su asistencia técnica durante el proceso experimental.</p>
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