<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1996/v58e27</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00027</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Animal Science</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Hormonal profile and follicular dynamics of two breeds of old laying hens on melatonin administration in Nigeria</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4289-970X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ozioma Igwe</surname>
						<given-names>Rosemary</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5544-267X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Herbert</surname>
						<given-names>Udo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1917-7293</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ogunnupebi</surname>
						<given-names>Jude T.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8797-6863</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ikechukwu Osakwe</surname>
						<given-names>Isaac</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. Ebonyi State Nigeria, Animal Science</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Ebonyi State University</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Ebonyi State University</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Abakaliki</city>
					<state>Ebonyi</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="NG">Nigeria</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State Nigeria, Animal Breeding and Physiology</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Michael Okpara Federal University of Agriculture</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Michael Okpara University of Agriculture</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Umudike</city>
					<state>Abia</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="NG">Nigeria</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Alex-ekwueme Federal University Undufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State Nigeria, Animal Science</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Alex-ekwueme Federal University</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Undufu-Alike Ikwo</city>
					<state>Ebonyi</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="NG">Nigeria</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label> Email:<email>igwe.rosemary@ebsu.edu.ng</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn1">
					<p><bold>Conflict of interest:</bold> There is not conflict of interest among the authors.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn2">
					<p><bold>CRediT Authorship Contribution Statement:</bold> Rosemary Ozioma Igwe: <bold>Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing - the original draft.</bold> Udo Herbert: <bold>Supervision, Writing - review &amp; editing.</bold> Jude T. Ogunnupebi: <bold>Data curation, Methodology, Software.</bold> Isaac Ikechukwu Osakwe: <bold>Investigation, Supervision, Writing - review &amp; editing.</bold></p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>58</volume>
			<elocation-id>e27</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<p>In a 20-week study, 117 laying hens, aged 52 weeks, of the Isa Brown and Nera Black breeds were used to evaluate the effects of melatonin on reproductive hormones and egg production. The study utilized a 2×3 factorial, a completely randomized block design with three treatments (0 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg of melatonin) and three replicates, administered daily through drinking water. A total of 39 samples of blood were collected and analyzed. Melatonin at 5 mg (T<sub>2</sub>) significantly improved levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in Isa Brown hens, with concentrations of 629.14 pg/mL and 55.48 mIU/mL, respectively. However, higher melatonin levels at 10 mg (T<sub>3</sub>) led to reduced hormone levels (279.40 pg/mL and 39.64 mIU/mL). A similar trend was observed in Nera Black hens. Hen day egg production (HDEP) also improved with melatonin treatment, with the 5 mg dosage (T<sub>2</sub>) yielding the highest production rates for both breeds. Specifically, Isa Brown hens showed HDEP percentages of 39.11 % (T<sub>1</sub>), 86.33 % (T<sub>2</sub>), and 61.66 % (T<sub>3</sub>), while Nera Black hens had HDEP percentages of 31.10 % (T<sub>1</sub>), 70.86 % (T<sub>2</sub>) and 58.60 % (T<sub>3</sub>). In conclusion, melatonin at 5 mg improved the reproductive hormonal profile, promoted follicle development and growth the latter will increase egg production in the two breeds, preferentially in the Nera black breed.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>follicle stimulating hormone</kwd>
				<kwd>luteinizing hormone</kwd>
				<kwd>melatonin</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="25"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Laying hens can continue to produce eggs for several years; however, their productivity often declines significantly after the first year, with this decline varying widely among breeds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Albatshan <italic>et al.</italic> 1994</xref>). To enhance the performance of aging hens, it is crucial to delay ovarian aging and manage the depletion of the primordial follicle reserve after the peak egg production period (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barzegar <italic>et al.</italic> 2020</xref>). </p>
			<p>Previously, many researchers have reported the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bantounou <italic>et al</italic>. 2022</xref>). Melatonin (MT) has been shown to influence both the quantity and maturity of ovarian follicles, though research on its specific mechanisms in birds remains limited (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hao <italic>et al</italic>. 2020</xref>). Recent studies have highlighted melatonin's beneficial effects on reproduction in various animals. For instance, melatonin has been found to promote oocyte and early embryo development in mammals, including mice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Ganji <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref>). In laying hens, common issues during the later stages of production include reduced laying performance, decreased follicle counts in the ovaries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Zakaria <italic>et al.</italic> 1983</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ferlazzo <italic>et al</italic>. 2020</xref>), and higher egg breakage rates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Albatshan <italic>et al</italic>. 1994</xref>).</p>
			<p>Follicular development, maturation, and atresia play significant roles in various stages of follicular function, providing insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying egg production. FSH and LH work in tandem to ensure normal follicular growth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Raju <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>). FSH, produced by the anterior pituitary in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus, plays a crucial role in reproductive physiology and fertility in both male and female animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ferlazzo <italic>et al</italic>. 2020</xref>). FSH enhances follicular development by promoting angiogenesis in the theca externa follicles, especially in hens with low egg production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bi <italic>et al</italic>. 2021</xref>). While FSH stimulates ovum development and maturation, LH is responsible for ovulation. Optimal levels of both hormones accelerate follicle growth, leading to increased egg production through the development and ovulation of more follicles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Prastiya <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref>). It also plays a role in regulating reproductive hormones by influencing FSH and LH synthesis and secretion, affecting the circadian rhythm, embryonic growth, and ovary development (Duo <italic>et al.</italic> 2014). Melatonin has been linked to improved immune responses and reduced oxidative stress in poultry. For example, a study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> found that melatonin supplementation enhanced the immune system and reduced markers of oxidative stress in broilers, contributing to better overall health and productivity. Despite these findings, there are limited research on the effects of melatonin on laying hens beyond their egg-laying peak, particularly in Nigeria. </p>
			<p>Therefore, this experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of melatonin on hormonal profile, follicular development and production performance of spent layers of two prominent breeds of laying hen in Nigeria.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materials and Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Experimental site</title>
				<p>This experiment was approved by the University Ethical and Research Community with reference number EBSU/2022/2087. After the approval, it was then carried out at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm of Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria. The experiment was carried out during the dry season between October 2022 and March 2023.The mean temperature was 37.8 <sup>o</sup>C - 39 <sup>o</sup>C during the hot dry season. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Experimental animals and management</title>
				<p>The study involved Isa Brown and Nera Black hens, both 54 weeks old at the start of the 20-week experiment. The experiment was conducted in two phases, referred to as Experiment I and Experiment II, each focusing on a different breed of laying hens. A total of 117 laying hens from each breed were used, with the hens divided into three treatment groups for each experiment. Each treatment group consisted of 39 birds, which were further subdivided into three replicates of 13 hens each, housed on rice husk bedding.</p>
				<p>The average live weight for Isa Brown birds was 1.65 kg, while Nera Black birds averaged 1.96 kg. These layers were sourced from Agrited, a breeding company based in Ibadan, Nigeria. Throughout the experiment, the birds were fed a layer’s mash containing 16 % crude protein, 3.5 % ether extract, 4.7 % crude fiber, and 11.2968 MJ/kg metabolizable energy. Below is the diet composition (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Feed Composition of the Experiment</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Ingredients</th>
									<th align="center">% composition</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Maize</td>
									<td align="center">48.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Wheat offal</td>
									<td align="center">10.30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Palm kernel meal</td>
									<td align="center">12.70</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Groundnut cake</td>
									<td align="center">10.70</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fish meal </td>
									<td align="center">6.30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Oyster shell</td>
									<td align="center">6.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Bone meal</td>
									<td align="center">4.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Salt</td>
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Premix</td>
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Lysine</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Methionine</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Total </td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Calculated</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>Values</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Crude protein %</td>
									<td align="center">16</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Crude fiber %</td>
									<td align="center">4.70</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ether extract %</td>
									<td align="center">3.20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Metabolizable (Mj/kg)</td>
									<td align="center">11.30</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>*Premix to provide the following per kg of feed; Vit A-500 iu, Vit D3- 1200 mg, Vit.E-11 mg, Vit.K-2 mg, Riboflavin- 20 mg, Nicotinic acid- 10 mg, Pantothenic acid- 7 mg, Cobalamin- 0.08 mg, Choline chloride- 900 mg, Folic acid- 1.5 mg, Biotin-1.5 mg, Iron- 25 mg, Manganese-80 mg, Copper-2 mg, Zinc-50 mg, Cobalt-1.25 mg and Selenium-0.1 mg</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Experimental materials</title>
				<p>The experimental material was melatonin supplement. The melatonin was dissolved in 10 % ethanol at the rate of 5 mg/1 mL or 10 mg/1 mL and administered orally through drinking at the rate of 2 mL per liter of water daily to the layers. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Hormonal analysis</title>
				<p>At the end of the experiment (72 weeks of age), blood samples (5 mL) (two samples in each replicate) were obtained from the brachial vein of each hen’s wing and stored in a vacutainer plain tube in a cool box (4 °C) filled with ice gel and ice cubes before moving them to the laboratory. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the Progesterone, FSH, and LH levels in the blood samples. In the ELISA, blood samples were centrifuged. The plasma luteinizing hormone (L.H.), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and progesterone were quantified utilizing a homologous RIA (Krishnan <italic>et al.</italic> 1993) or determined by carrying out a quantitative test based on a solid phase enzyme-linked immuno-absorbent assay (ELISA) kit. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Reproductive morphological evaluations</title>
				<p>At the end of the experiment (72 weeks of age), 6 birds were randomly selected from each group (2 birds per replicate making it 18) and weighed and decapitated. The follicles were collected and promptly counted under the microscope for small white follicles, small yellow follicles and slightly larger follicles within 5mm to 2mm (SWF, SYF, F5, and F2). </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>A 2<bold>×</bold>3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized block design was used for the study. The differences between the treatment groups and the control group were analyzed with a Mini-Tab Version 12. Duncan’s new multiple-range tests after fisher test were used to identify which treatment conditions were significantly different from each other at a significance level of p&lt;0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Duncan 1955</xref>)</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Effect of Melatonin on the Hormonal Profile of Isa Brown</title>
				<p>Results from the <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref> showed that melatonin significantly (p&lt;0.05) influenced the hormonal profile of the Isa Brown breed of laying birds. The control group T<sub>1</sub> (2.96 pg/mL) had the lowest level followed by T<sub>2</sub> (6.15 pg/mL) of progesterone while T<sub>3</sub> (8.24 pg/mL) had the highest level. Follicle-stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone levels were equally significantly (p&lt;0.05) affected by melatonin treatment. The highest average FSH levels were found in the hens under 5 mg of melatonin. Higher levels of FSH were seen in T<sub>2</sub> which had 629.140 pg/mL followed by T<sub>3</sub> (279.45 pg/mL) while control group T<sub>1</sub> (198.78 pg/mL) had the least level. A similar trend was followed in the LH level where T<sub>2</sub> (55.48 mIU/mL) had higher levels followed by T<sub>3</sub> (39.64 mIU/mL) and T<sub>1</sub> (30.68 mIU/mL), respectively</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Mean Effect of Melatonin on the Hormonal Profile of Isa Brown</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Parameter</th>
									<th align="center">T<sub>1</sub> (0 mg)</th>
									<th align="center">T<sub>2</sub> (5 mg)</th>
									<th align="center">T<sub>3</sub> (10 mg)</th>
									<th align="center">SEM</th>
									<th align="center">P - value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Progesterone, ng/mL</td>
									<td align="center">2.96<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.15<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">8.24<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.41± 0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.000**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">FSH, pg/mL</td>
									<td align="center">198.78<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">629.140<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">279.45<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.41± 0.07</td>
									<td align="center">0.053**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">LH, mIU/mL </td>
									<td align="center">30.68<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">55.48<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">39.64<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.32 ± 0.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.000**</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><sup>a-b</sup> Means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (p&lt;0.05) according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. FSH: Follicle Stimulating Hormone, LSH: Luteinizing Hormone</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Results from <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref> indicate that melatonin significantly (p&lt;0.05) improved the hen day egg production of layers after 50 weeks of age. Groups on 5 mg had 86.33 % followed by those on 10mg which had 61.66 % while the control group (0 mg) had the lowest HDEP. A similar trend was equally observed on the oviduct weight. The size of the follicles was equally influenced by melatonin administration. The LYF, SYF and SWF were all increased by melatonin administration. From F5-F1 there were numerical increases with increasing levels of melatonin, but it was not statistically significant. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Mean Effect of Melatonin on Follicular Dynamics of Isa Brown</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Parameter</th>
									<th align="center">T<sub>1</sub> (0 mg)</th>
									<th align="center">T<sub>2</sub> (5 mg)</th>
									<th align="center">T<sub>3</sub> (10 mg)</th>
									<th align="center">SEM</th>
									<th align="center">p-value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">HDEP (%)</td>
									<td align="center">39.11<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">86.33<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">61.66<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.63 ± 0.07</td>
									<td align="center">0.005**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Oviwt (g)</td>
									<td align="center">34.40<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">64.59<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">68.18<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2.92 ± 0.02</td>
									<td align="center">0.000**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">F<sub>5</sub> (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">3.00<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">5.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.86 ± 0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.001**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">F<sub>4</sub> (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">6.00</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.61 ± 0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.012</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">F<sub>3</sub> (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">5.00</td>
									<td align="center">5.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.50 ± 0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.057</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">F<sub>2</sub> (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">5.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.99 ± 0.10</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">F<sub>1</sub> (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">5.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.48 ± 0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.058</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> LYF (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">30.55<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">46.33<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">38.11<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.60 ± 0.10</td>
									<td align="center">0.000**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">SYF (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">18.55<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">40.66<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">30.12<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.59 ± 0.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.007**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">SWF (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">20.35<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">44.44<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">35.33<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2.03 ± 0.03</td>
									<td align="center">0.000**</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p><sup>a-b</sup> Means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (p&lt;0.05) according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. HDEP: Hen-Day-Egg Production, Oviwt: Oviduct weight.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>F<sub>5</sub>: Fifth yellow follicle, F<sub>4</sub>: Fourth Yellow Follicle, F<sub>3</sub>: Third Yellow Follicle, F<sub>2</sub>: Second Yellow Follicle and F<sub>1</sub>: First Yellow Follicle, LYF: Large Yellow Follicle, SYF: Small Yellow Follicle, SWF: Small White Follicle</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Effect of Melatonin on the Hormonal Profile of Nera Black</title>
				<p>Progesterone, Follicle-stimulating hormone, and Luteinizing hormone levels were significantly (p&lt;0.05) affected by melatonin treatment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 4</xref>). The highest average FSH levels were found in the hens under 5 mg of melatonin which was (T<sub>2</sub>429.68 pg/mL) followed by groups on 10 mg (T<sub>3</sub>198.46 pg/mL) and 0 mg (T<sub>1</sub>52.74 pg/mL), respectively. A similar trend was equally recorded in LH where higher levels were recorded in T<sub>2</sub> followed by T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>1</sub>, respectively. Progesterone levels were equally increased with increased levels of melatonin across the groups.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Mean Effect of Melatonin on the Hormonal Profile of Nera Black</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Parameter</th>
									<th align="center">T<sub>1</sub> (0 mg)</th>
									<th align="center">T<sub>2</sub> (5 mg)</th>
									<th align="center">T<sub>3</sub> (10 mg)</th>
									<th align="center">SEM</th>
									<th align="center">p- value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Progesterone ng/mL</td>
									<td align="center">3.16<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">8.15<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">9.94<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.41± 0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.012**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">FSH pg/mL</td>
									<td align="center">52.748<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">429.68<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">198.45<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.41 ± 0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.009**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">LH mIU/mL </td>
									<td align="center">23.55<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">51.78<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">31.14<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.32 ± 0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.000**</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p><sup>a-b</sup> Means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (p&lt;0.05) according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. FSH: Follicle Stimulating Hormone, LSH: Luteinizing Hormone</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Results from <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 5</xref> show that melatonin significantly (p&lt;0.05) influenced some of the parameters. The HDEP was improved with melatonin administration. Treatment T<sub>2</sub> (70.86 %) on 5 mg of melatonin had higher HDEP followed by T<sub>3</sub> (58.60 %) while the control group had the least (31.10 %). The oviduct weight increased with increased level of melatonin where T<sub>3</sub> (84.18 g) was followed by T<sub>2</sub> (78.59 g) while T<sub>1</sub> (54.40 g) recorded the lowest weight. Some of the follicles were equally influenced by the treatment while some had a numerical increase but were not statistically (p&gt;0.05) significant.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Mean Effect of Melatonin on Follicular Dynamics of Nera Black</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Parameters</th>
									<th align="center">0 mg</th>
									<th align="center">5 mg</th>
									<th align="center">10 mg</th>
									<th align="center">SEM</th>
									<th align="center">p-value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">HDEP (%)</td>
									<td align="center">31.10<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">70.86<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">58.60<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.13 ± 0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.007**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Oviwt (g)</td>
									<td align="center">54.40<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">78.59<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">84.18<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2.12 ± 0.02</td>
									<td align="center">0.000**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">F<sub>5</sub> (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">2.00<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.61 ± 0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.000**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">F<sub>4</sub> (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">2.00</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.31 ± 0. 00</td>
									<td align="center">0.031</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">F<sub>3</sub> (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">2.00</td>
									<td align="center">3.00</td>
									<td align="center">2.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.30 ± 0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">F<sub>2</sub> (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">3.00</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.81 ± 0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">F<sub>1</sub> (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">2.00</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.28 ± 0.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.120</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> LYF (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">18.55<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">28.30<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">27.11<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.60 ± 0.04</td>
									<td align="center">0.000**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">SYF (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">10.00</td>
									<td align="center">15.60</td>
									<td align="center">15.10</td>
									<td align="center">0.20 ± 0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.201</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">SWF (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">10.35</td>
									<td align="center">14.44</td>
									<td align="center">13.33</td>
									<td align="center">1.43 ± 0.02</td>
									<td align="center">0.057</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p><sup>a-b</sup> Means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (p&lt;0.05) according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. HDEP = Hen-Day-Egg Production, Oviwt = Oviduct weight. F<sub>5</sub>: Fifth yellow follicle F<sub>4</sub>: Fourth Yellow Follicle. F<sub>3</sub>: Third Yellow Follicle. F<sub>2</sub>: Second Yellow Follicle and F<sub>1</sub>: First Yellow Follicle, LYF Large Yellow Follicle, SYF = Small Yellow Follicle, SWF Small White Follicle</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussions</title>
			<p>Aging and environmental stress significantly impact an animal’s reproductive potential, suppressing its ability to reproduce effectively (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Pandi-Perumal 2013</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barzegar <italic>et al</italic>. 2020</xref>). The increased FSH and LH levels in both breeds, could be attributed to melatonin antioxidative and nutraceutical properties in disease management (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kamfar <italic>et al.</italic> 2024</xref>) The lowest FSH levels were observed in the 10 mg melatonin and control groups. Statistical analysis of the results confirmed that the 5 mg melatonin group exhibited significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher FSH levels. This finding aligns with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ragil <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref>, who reported that elevated FSH and LH levels in laying hens promote follicle development and ovulation. </p>
			<p>The increased follicle development, maturation, and growth in both Isa Brown and Nera Black hens in this study led to a notable increase in hen-day egg production. This outcome is consistent with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Jonak <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, who observed that FSH enhances granulosa cell differentiation in pre-hierarchical follicles and supports steroid hormone synthesis in granular cells. Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ragil <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> noted that higher FSH levels were associated with increased egg-laying frequency in Isa Brown hens. FSH plays a key role in follicular development by promoting angiogenesis in the theca externa follicles of hens with low egg production rates and aged hens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Tamura <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref> and Bi <italic>et al</italic>. 2022).</p>
			<p>The hormonal status of a hen significantly influences egg production and quality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Prastiya <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref>). The high FSH levels in Isa Brown hens likely contributed to their higher follicle counts compared to Nera Black hens, resulting in greater hen-day egg production in the Isa Brown group. Additionally, progesterone levels were elevated in the melatonin treatment groups compared to the control, indicating that higher melatonin doses increased progesterone levels, unlike FSH and LH. However, high doses of melatonin (e.g., 10 mg) significantly reduced FSH and LH levels in both breeds, as observed in treatment 3. This result supports <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Kang <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref>, who reported that higher doses of melatonin (e.g., 10 mg/kg) reduced FSH and LH levels, potentially due to feedback mechanisms or altered endocrine responses.</p>
			<p>Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels fluctuated across treatment groups, with the highest concentrations observed in those administered 5 mg of melatonin. This suggests that melatonin enhances follicle development, particularly of the largest follicles (F1). This finding is consistent with the study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Marques <italic>et al</italic>. (2022)</xref>, which reported increased LH levels leading to a higher number of mature follicles in laying birds. The increase in progesterone synthesis observed in this study was linked to a reduction in estrogen levels, which occurs as larger follicles in the follicular hierarchy, especially F1, grow. This growth contributed to improved laying performance in the birds, despite the natural decline in production due to aging.</p>
			<p>Hen-day egg production (HDEP) was significantly enhanced by melatonin administration. At 50 weeks (350 days), birds typically pass their egg production peak, and a decline in egg production often leads farmers to sell the layers as spent layers before recovering their production costs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Tamura <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>). However, melatonin administration improved HDEP in both Isa Brown and Nera Black hens. Isa Brown achieved the highest HDEP at 86.33 %, followed by Nera Black at 70.86 %. These results align with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Yaxiong <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, who found that melatonin improved egg production in layers after 400 days. The results of this experiment equally corroborate the work of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bocheva <italic>et al.</italic> (2024)</xref> who noted that melatonin improves egg production in laying birds. The improved production could be attributed to protective effect of melatonin against stress through its direct free radical scavenging activity and indirect antioxidant activity via production of antioxidant enzymes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Yuanyuan <italic>et al</italic>. 2021</xref>)</p>
			<p>In this experiment, the highest HDEP levels were recorded in treatment 2 (5 mg melatonin), followed by treatment 3, with treatment 3 showing the lowest performance. This led to the decreased expression of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, adhesion molecules and enzymes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ferlazzo <italic>et al</italic>. 2020</xref>) leading to improved follicular growth. This indicates that a lower melatonin dosage of 5 mg was more effective in both breeds compared to a higher dosage. </p>
			<p>The improved performance could be attributed to the increase in follicle development, from F5 to F1, as well as the small white follicles (SWF) and small yellow follicles (SYF) in both breeds. This is in line with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Yaxiong <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, who reported that a higher melatonin dosage (20 mg implant) had a slightly inhibitory effect on the egg-laying rate. Additionally, increased melatonin administration led to an increase in oviduct weight, which was also reflected in higher egg weights and average body weight in the birds.</p>
			<p>Before the experiment, egg production occurred once every three to four days, but within five days of melatonin administration, production increased to once every two days, and eventually to daily laying, especially in Isa Brown hens. This suggests that melatonin may serve as a growth promoter in animals.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Enhancing hen-day egg production in aged birds beyond 364 days is a crucial goal that can significantly increase farmers' income in the poultry industry. In this experiment, we observed that melatonin positively influenced the hormonal profile of the birds, leading to a resurgence in their peak egg production due to the further maturation of ovarian follicles. Isa Brown birds exhibited superior performance with a higher number of follicles, resulting in greater hen-day egg production. However, Nera Black birds had a higher oviduct weight compared to Isa Brown, which contributed to increased egg weight and overall body weight.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments</title>
			<p>The authors sincerely appreciate the Department of Animal Science, Ebonyi State University for providing the research farm where this experiment was carried out.</p>
			<p>This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Albatshan H.A., Scheideler S.E., Black B.L., Garlich J.D. &amp; Anderson K.E. 1994. Duodenal Calcium uptake, Femur Ash, and Eggshell quality decline with age and increase following Molt. <italic>Poultry Science</italic>, 73: 1590-1596, ISSN: 1525-3171. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0731590">https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0731590</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Albatshan</surname>
							<given-names>H.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scheideler</surname>
							<given-names>S.E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Black</surname>
							<given-names>B.L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Garlich</surname>
							<given-names>J.D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Anderson</surname>
							<given-names>K.E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1994</year>
					<article-title>Duodenal Calcium uptake, Femur Ash, and Eggshell quality decline with age and increase following Molt</article-title>
					<source>Poultry Science</source>
					<volume>73</volume>
					<fpage>1590</fpage>
					<lpage>1596</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3171</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3382/ps.0731590</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>Annia G., Dun Xian T. &amp; Reiter R.J. 2011. Melatonin as a natural ally against oxidative stress: a physicochemical examination. <italic>Journal of Pineal Research</italic>, 51: 1-16, ISSN: 1600-079X. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Annia</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dun Xian</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reiter</surname>
							<given-names>R.J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Melatonin as a natural ally against oxidative stress: a physicochemical examination</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Pineal Research</source>
					<volume>51</volume>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>16</lpage>
					<issn>1600-079X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Bantounou, M., Josip, P. &amp; Galley, H.F. 2022. Melatonin and related compounds: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. <italic>Antioxidants</italic>, 11: 532, ISSN: 2076-3921. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030532">https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030532</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bantounou</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Josip</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Galley</surname>
							<given-names>H.F.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2022</year>
					<article-title>Melatonin and related compounds: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions</article-title>
					<source>Antioxidants</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<fpage>532</fpage>
					<lpage>532</lpage>
					<issn>2076-3921</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/antiox11030532</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>Barzegar, Y.A., Sharifi, D. &amp; Mohammadi, S.A. 2020. Efficacy of dietary supplementation of nanoparticles-chromium, chromium-methionine and zinc-proteinate, on performance of Japanese quail under physiological stress. <italic>Italian Journal of Animal Science</italic>, 19: 1123-1134, ISSN: 1828-051X. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2020.1822763">https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2020.1822763</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Barzegar</surname>
							<given-names>Y.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sharifi</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mohammadi</surname>
							<given-names>S.A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Efficacy of dietary supplementation of nanoparticles-chromium, chromium-methionine and zinc-proteinate, on performance of Japanese quail under physiological stress</article-title>
					<source>Italian Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<fpage>1123</fpage>
					<lpage>1134</lpage>
					<issn>1828-051X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/1828051X.2020.1822763</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Bi, Y.L., Yang, S.Y., Wang, H.Y., Chang, G.B. &amp; Chen, G.H. 2021. Follicle-stimulating hormone is expressed in ovarian follicles of chickens and promotes ovarian granulosa cell proliferation. Journal Integrated. <italic>Agriculture</italic>, 20(10): 2749-2757, ISSN: 1338-4376. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/:10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63606">https://doi.org/:10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63606</ext-link>-.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bi</surname>
							<given-names>Y.L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yang</surname>
							<given-names>S.Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>H.Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chang</surname>
							<given-names>G.B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>G.H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2021</year>
					<article-title>Follicle-stimulating hormone is expressed in ovarian follicles of chickens and promotes ovarian granulosa cell proliferation</article-title>
					<source>Journal Integrated. Agriculture</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>2749</fpage>
					<lpage>2757</lpage>
					<issn>1338-4376</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63606</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>Bocheva, G., Bakalov, D., Iliev, P., Tafradjiiska-Hadjiolova. 2024. The Vital Role of Melatonin and its Metabolites in the Neuroprotection and Retardation of Brain Aging. <italic>International Journal of Molecular Science</italic>, 25(10): 5122, ISSN: 1422-0067. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105122">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105122</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bocheva</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bakalov</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Iliev</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tafradjiiska-Hadjiolova</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2024</year>
					<article-title>The Vital Role of Melatonin and its Metabolites in the Neuroprotection and Retardation of Brain Aging</article-title>
					<source>International Journal of Molecular Science</source>
					<volume>25</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>5122</fpage>
					<lpage>5122</lpage>
					<issn>1422-0067</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms25105122</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. <italic>Biometrics</italic>, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 1541-0420. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478">https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Duncan</surname>
							<given-names>D.B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1955</year>
					<article-title>Multiple range and multiple F tests</article-title>
					<source>Biometrics</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>42</lpage>
					<issn>1541-0420</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2307/3001478</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>Ferlazzo, N., Andolina, G., Cannata, A., Costanzo, M. G., Rizzo, V., Currò, M., Ientile, R. &amp; Caccamo, D. 2020. Is melatonin the cornucopia of the 21st century. <italic>Antioxidants</italic>, 9: 1-29, ISSN: 2076-3921. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111088">https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111088</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ferlazzo</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Andolina</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cannata</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Costanzo</surname>
							<given-names>M. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rizzo</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Currò</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ientile</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Caccamo</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Is melatonin the cornucopia of the 21st century</article-title>
					<source>Antioxidants</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>29</lpage>
					<issn>2076-3921</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/antiox9111088</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>Ganji, R., Nabiuni, M. &amp; Faraji, R. 2015. Development of mouse preantral follicle after in vitro culture in a medium containing melatonin. <italic>Cell Journal (Yakhteh)</italic>, 4: 546, ISSN: 2228-5814. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22074/cellj.2015.499">https://doi.org/10.22074/cellj.2015.499</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ganji</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nabiuni</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Faraji</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Development of mouse preantral follicle after in vitro culture in a medium containing melatonin</article-title>
					<source>Cell Journal (Yakhteh)</source>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<fpage>546</fpage>
					<lpage>546</lpage>
					<issn>2228-5814</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22074/cellj.2015.499</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>Hao, E.Y., Chen, H., Wang, D.H., Huang, C.X., Tong, Y.G., Chen, Y.F., Zhou, R.Y. &amp; Huang, R.L. 2020. Melatonin regulates the ovarian function and enhances follicle growth in aging laying hens via activating the mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway. <italic>Poultry Science</italic>, 99(4): 2185-2195, ISSN: 1525-3171. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.040">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.040</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hao</surname>
							<given-names>E.Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>D.H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Huang</surname>
							<given-names>C.X.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tong</surname>
							<given-names>Y.G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>Y.F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhou</surname>
							<given-names>R.Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Huang</surname>
							<given-names>R.L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Melatonin regulates the ovarian function and enhances follicle growth in aging laying hens via activating the mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway</article-title>
					<source>Poultry Science</source>
					<volume>99</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>2185</fpage>
					<lpage>2195</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3171</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.040</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>Jia, Y., Yang, M., Zhu, K., Liang, W., Song, Y., Jing, W., Qin, W., Xu, Z., Yu, C. &amp; Liu, G. 2016. Melatonin implantation improved the egg-laying rate and quality in hens past their peak egg-laying age. <italic>Scientific Reports</italic>, 6: 39799, ISSN: 2045-2322. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39799">https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39799</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Jia</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yang</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhu</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liang</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Song</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jing</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Qin</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xu</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yu</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Melatonin implantation improved the egg-laying rate and quality in hens past their peak egg-laying age</article-title>
					<source>Scientific Reports</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<fpage>39799</fpage>
					<lpage>39799</lpage>
					<issn>2045-2322</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep39799</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>Jonak, C.R., Lainez, N.M., Roybal, L.L., Williamson, A.D. &amp; Coss, D. 2017. c-JUN dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) is a transcriptional repressor of follicle-stimulating hormone β (FSHβ) and is required for preventing premature reproductive senescence in female mice. <italic>Journal of Biological Chemistry</italic>, 292(7): 2646-2659, ISSN: 1083-351X. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(93)90275-9">https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(93)90275-9</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Jonak</surname>
							<given-names>C.R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lainez</surname>
							<given-names>N.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Roybal</surname>
							<given-names>L.L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Williamson</surname>
							<given-names>A.D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Coss</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>c-JUN dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) is a transcriptional repressor of follicle-stimulating hormone β (FSHβ) and is required for preventing premature reproductive senescence in female mice</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Biological Chemistry</source>
					<volume>292</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>2646</fpage>
					<lpage>2659</lpage>
					<issn>1083-351X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0300-9629(93)90275-9</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Kang, B., Erying, H., Chen-xuan, H., Qiao-xian, Y., De-He, W., Lei S., Yi-fan, C., Hui, C. &amp; Ren-Lu, H. 2023. Melatonin alleviates ovarian function damage and oxidative stress induced by dexamethasone in the laying hens through FOXO1 signaling pathway. <italic>Poultry Science</italic>, 102(8): 102745, ISSN: 1525-3171. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102745">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102745</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kang</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Erying</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen-xuan</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Qiao-xian</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>De-He</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lei</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yi-fan</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hui</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ren-Lu</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2023</year>
					<article-title>Melatonin alleviates ovarian function damage and oxidative stress induced by dexamethasone in the laying hens through FOXO1 signaling pathway</article-title>
					<source>Poultry Science</source>
					<volume>102</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>102745</fpage>
					<lpage>102745</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3171</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.psj.2023.102745</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>Kamfar, W.W., Khraiwesh, H.M., Ibrahim, M.O., Qadhi, A.H., Azhar, W.F., Ghafouri, K.J., Alhussain, M.H., Aldairi, A.F., AlShahrani, A.M., Alghannam, A.F., Abdulal, R.H., Al-Slaihat, A.H., Qutob, M.S., Elrggal, M.E., Ghaith, M.M. &amp; Azzeh, F.S. 2024. Comprehensive review of melatonin as a promsing nutritional and nutraceutical supplement. <italic>Heliyon</italic>, 10(4): e24266, ISSN: 2405-8440. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24266">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24266</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kamfar</surname>
							<given-names>W.W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khraiwesh</surname>
							<given-names>H.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ibrahim</surname>
							<given-names>M.O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Qadhi</surname>
							<given-names>A.H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Azhar</surname>
							<given-names>W.F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ghafouri</surname>
							<given-names>K.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alhussain</surname>
							<given-names>M.H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aldairi</surname>
							<given-names>A.F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>AlShahrani</surname>
							<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alghannam</surname>
							<given-names>A.F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abdulal</surname>
							<given-names>R.H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Al-Slaihat</surname>
							<given-names>A.H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Qutob</surname>
							<given-names>M.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Elrggal</surname>
							<given-names>M.E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ghaith</surname>
							<given-names>M.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Azzeh</surname>
							<given-names>F.S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2024</year>
					<article-title>Comprehensive review of melatonin as a promsing nutritional and nutraceutical supplement</article-title>
					<source>Heliyon</source>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<elocation-id>e24266</elocation-id>
					<issn>2405-8440</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24266</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>Liu, G., Li, J., Yang, L. &amp; Zhang, X. 2022. Melatonin supplementation improves immune response and reduces oxidative stress in broilers. <italic>Journal of Animal Science</italic>, 100(3): 1124-1132, ISSN: 1525-3163. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2023.2222733">https://doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2023.2222733</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yang</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>X.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2022</year>
					<article-title>Melatonin supplementation improves immune response and reduces oxidative stress in broilers</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>100</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>1124</fpage>
					<lpage>1132</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3163</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09064702.2023.2222733</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>Marques, P., Skorupskaite, K. &amp; George, J.T. 2022. Physiology of GNRH and gonadotropin secretion. In: Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Boyce, A. editors. Endotext. MDText.com, Inc., South Dartmouth (MA) WWW.ENDOTEXT.ORG.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Marques</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Skorupskaite</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>George</surname>
							<given-names>J.T.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2022</year>
					<chapter-title>Physiology of GNRH and gonadotropin secretion</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Feingold</surname>
							<given-names>K.R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Anawalt</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Boyce</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Endotext</source>
					<publisher-name>MDText.com, Inc.,</publisher-name>
					<publisher-name>South Dartmouth (MA) WWW.ENDOTEXT.ORG</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>Pandi-Perumal, S.R., BaHammam, A.S., Brown, G.M., Spence, D.W., Bharti, V.K., Kaur, C., Hardeland, R. &amp; Cardinali, D.P. 2013. Melatonin antioxidative defense: Therapeutical implications for aging and neurodegenerative processes. <italic>Neurotoxicity Research</italic>, 23(3): 267-300, ISSN: 1476-3524. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-012-9337">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-012-9337</ext-link>-.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pandi-Perumal</surname>
							<given-names>S.R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>BaHammam</surname>
							<given-names>A.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brown</surname>
							<given-names>G.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Spence</surname>
							<given-names>D.W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bharti</surname>
							<given-names>V.K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kaur</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hardeland</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cardinali</surname>
							<given-names>D.P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Melatonin antioxidative defense: Therapeutical implications for aging and neurodegenerative processes</article-title>
					<source>Neurotoxicity Research</source>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>267</fpage>
					<lpage>300</lpage>
					<issn>1476-3524</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12640-012-9337</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>Prastiya, R.A., Madyawati, S.P., Sari S.Y. &amp; Nugroho, A.P. 2022. Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels on egg-laying frequency in hens. <italic>Veterinary World</italic>, 15(12): 2890-2895, ISSN: 2231-0916. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.2890-2895">https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.2890-2895</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Prastiya</surname>
							<given-names>R.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Madyawati</surname>
							<given-names>S.P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sari</surname>
							<given-names>S.Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>A.P.</surname>
							<given-names>Nugroho</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2022</year>
					<article-title>Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels on egg-laying frequency in hens</article-title>
					<source>Veterinary World</source>
					<volume>15</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>2890</fpage>
					<lpage>2895</lpage>
					<issn>2231-0916</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14202/vetworld.2022.2890-2895</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>Ragil, A.P., Sri, P.M., Sera, Y.S. &amp; Aras, P.N. 2022. Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels on egg-laying frequency in hens. <italic>Veterinary World</italic>, 15(12): 2890-2895, ISSN: 2231-0916. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.2890-2895">https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.2890-2895</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ragil</surname>
							<given-names>A.P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sri</surname>
							<given-names>P.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sera</surname>
							<given-names>Y.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aras</surname>
							<given-names>P.N.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2022</year>
					<article-title>Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels on egg-laying frequency in hens</article-title>
					<source>Veterinary World</source>
					<volume>15</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>2890</fpage>
					<lpage>2895</lpage>
					<issn>2231-0916</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14202/vetworld.2022.2890-2895</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>Raju, G.A., Chavan, R., Deenadayal, M., Gunasheela, D., Gutgutia, R., Haripriya, G., Govindarajan, M., Patel, N.H. &amp; Paktil, A.S. 2013. Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone synergy: A review of role in controlled ovarian hyper-stimulation. <italic>Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences</italic>, 6(4): 227-234, ISSN: 1998-4766. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.126285">https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.126285</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Raju</surname>
							<given-names>G.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chavan</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Deenadayal</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gunasheela</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gutgutia</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Haripriya</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Govindarajan</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Patel</surname>
							<given-names>N.H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Paktil</surname>
							<given-names>A.S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone synergy: A review of role in controlled ovarian hyper-stimulation</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>227</fpage>
					<lpage>234</lpage>
					<issn>1998-4766</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0974-1208.126285</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>Sevilhano, T., Carvalho, R.F., Oliveira, N.A., Oliveira, J.E., Maltarollo, V.G., Trossini, G., Garcez, R. &amp; Bartolini, P. 2017. Molecular cloning and characterization of pirarucu (<italic>Arapaima gigas</italic>) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone β-subunit cDNAs. <italic>PLoS One</italic>, 12(8): e0183545, ISSN: 1932-6203. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183545">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183545</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sevilhano</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carvalho</surname>
							<given-names>R.F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>N.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>J.E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Maltarollo</surname>
							<given-names>V.G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Trossini</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Garcez</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bartolini</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Molecular cloning and characterization of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone β-subunit cDNAs</article-title>
					<source>PLoS One</source>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<elocation-id>e0183545</elocation-id>
					<issn>1932-6203</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0183545</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>Tamura, H., Kawamoto, M., Sato, S., Tamura, I., Maekawa R., Taketani T., Aasada H., Takaki E., Nakai A. &amp; Reiter, R.J. 2017. Long-term melatonin treatment delays ovarian aging. <italic>Journal of Pineal Research,</italic> 62: 12381, ISSN: 1600-079X. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12381">https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12381</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tamura</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kawamoto</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sato</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tamura</surname>
							<given-names>I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Maekawa</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Taketani</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aasada</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Takaki</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nakai</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reiter</surname>
							<given-names>R.J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Long-term melatonin treatment delays ovarian aging</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Pineal Research</source>
					<volume>62</volume>
					<fpage>12381</fpage>
					<lpage>12381</lpage>
					<issn>1600-079X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12381</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>Yaxiong, Jia MinghuiYang, KuanfengZhu, LiangWang, Yukun Song, JingWang, WenxiangQin, ZhiyuanXu, YuChen &amp; Guoshi Liu. 2016. Melatonin implantation improved the egg-laying rate and quality in hens past their peak egg-laying age. <italic>Scientific Reports</italic>, 6: 39799, ISSN: 2045- 2322. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39799">https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39799</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Yaxiong</surname>
							<given-names>Jia.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Minghui</surname>
							<given-names>Yang.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kuanfeng</surname>
							<given-names>Zhu.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liang</surname>
							<given-names>Wang.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yukun</surname>
							<given-names>Song.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jing</surname>
							<given-names>Wang.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wenxiang</surname>
							<given-names>Qin.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhiyuan</surname>
							<given-names>Xu.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yu</surname>
							<given-names>Chen.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guoshi</surname>
							<given-names>Liu.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Melatonin implantation improved the egg-laying rate and quality in hens past their peak egg-laying age</article-title>
					<source>Scientific Reports</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<fpage>39799</fpage>
					<lpage>39799</lpage>
					<issn>2045-2322</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep39799</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>Yuanyuan, T., Song, E., Zhenzhen, W., Na, J., Linling, Z., Wang, K., Sun, H., Yuting, Z., Qiujian, Z., Xiaojuan, L. &amp; Zhu, M. 2021. Melatonin attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation of Müller cells in diabetic retinopathy via activating the Sirt1 pathway. <italic>Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy</italic>, 137: 111274, ISSN: 1950-6007. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111274">https://doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111274</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Yuanyuan</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Song</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhenzhen</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Na</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Linling</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sun</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yuting</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Qiujian</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xiaojuan</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhu</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2021</year>
					<article-title>Melatonin attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation of Müller cells in diabetic retinopathy via activating the Sirt1 pathway</article-title>
					<source>Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy</source>
					<volume>137</volume>
					<fpage>111274</fpage>
					<lpage>111274</lpage>
					<issn>1950-6007</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111274</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation>Zakaria, A.H., Miyaki, T. &amp; Imai, K. 1983. The effect of aging on the ovarian follicular growth in laying hens. <italic>Poultry Science</italic>, 62: 670-674, ISSN: 1525-3171. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0620670">https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0620670</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zakaria</surname>
							<given-names>A.H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miyaki</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Imai</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1983</year>
					<article-title>The effect of aging on the ovarian follicular growth in laying hens</article-title>
					<source>Poultry Science</source>
					<volume>62</volume>
					<fpage>670</fpage>
					<lpage>674</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3171</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3382/ps.0620670</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ciencia Animal</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Perfil hormonal y dinámica folicular de dos razas de gallinas ponedoras envejecidas que se le suministró melatonina en Nigeria</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4289-970X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ozioma Igwe</surname>
						<given-names>Rosemary</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5544-267X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Herbert</surname>
						<given-names>Udo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1917-7293</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ogunnupebi</surname>
						<given-names>Jude T.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8797-6863</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ikechukwu Osakwe</surname>
						<given-names>Isaac</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. Ebonyi State Nigeria, Animal Science</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Ebonyi State University</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Ebonyi State University</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Abakaliki</city>
					<state>Ebonyi</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="NG">Nigeria</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State Nigeria, Animal Breeding and Physiology</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Michael Okpara Federal University of Agriculture</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Michael Okpara University of Agriculture</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Umudike</city>
					<state>Abia</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="NG">Nigeria</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Alex-ekwueme Federal University Undufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State Nigeria, Animal Science</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Alex-ekwueme Federal University</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Undufu-Alike Ikwo</city>
					<state>Ebonyi</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="NG">Nigeria</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label> Email:<email>igwe.rosemary@ebsu.edu.ng</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<p><bold>Conflicto de intereses:</bold> No existe conflicto de intereses entre los autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Declaración de contribución de autoría CRediT:</bold> Rosemary Ozioma Igwe: <bold>Conceptualización, Administración de proyectos, Redacción - borrador original</bold>. Udo Herbert: <bold>Supervisión, Redacción - revisión y edición.</bold> Jude T. Ogunnupebi: <bold>Curación de datos, Metodología, Software.</bold> Isaac Ikechukwu Osakwe: <bold>Investigación, Supervisión, Redacción - revisión y edición.</bold></p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<p>En un estudio de 20 semanas, se utilizaron 117 gallinas ponedoras, de 52 semanas de edad, de las razas Isa Brown y Nera Black para evaluar los efectos de la melatonina en las hormonas reproductivas y la producción de huevos. El estudio utilizó un diseño factorial 2×3, en bloques completamente aleatorizados con tres tratamientos (0 mg, 5 mg y 10 mg de melatonina) y tres réplicas, administradas diariamente a través del agua de beber. Se recolectaron y analizaron 39 muestras de sangre. La melatonina a 5 mg (T<sub>2</sub>) mejoró significativamente los niveles de hormona foliculoestimulante (FSH) y hormona luteinizante (LH) en gallinas Isa Brown, con concentraciones de 629.14 pg/mL y 55.48 mUI/mL, respectivamente. Sin embargo, mayores niveles de melatonina a 10 mg (T<sub>3</sub>) condujeron a niveles reducidos de hormonas (279.40 pg/mL y 39.64 mUI/mL). Una tendencia similar se observó en las gallinas Nera Black. La producción de huevos de gallina por día (HDEP) también mejoró con el tratamiento con melatonina, con la dosis de 5 mg (T<sub>2</sub>), con la mayor tasa de rendimiento productivo para ambas razas. Específicamente, las gallinas Isa Brown mostraron porcentajes de HDEP de 39.11 % (T<sub>1</sub>), 86.33 % (T<sub>2</sub>) y 61.66 % (T<sub>3</sub>), mientras que las gallinas Nera Black tuvieron porcentajes de HDEP de 31.10 % (T<sub>1</sub>), 70.86 % (T<sub>2</sub>) y 58.60 % (T<sub>3</sub>). En conclusión, la melatonina a 5 mg mejoró el perfil hormonal reproductivo, promovió el desarrollo y crecimiento de los folículos. Esto último aumentará la producción de huevos en las dos razas, preferentemente en la raza Nera Black.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>hormona estimulante del folículo</kwd>
				<kwd>hormona luteinizante</kwd>
				<kwd>melatonina</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introducción</title>
				<p>Las gallinas ponedoras pueden seguir produciendo huevos durante varios años. Sin embargo, su productividad suele disminuir significativamente después del primer año, y esta disminución varía ampliamente entre razas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Albatshan <italic>et al.</italic> 1994</xref>). Para mejorar el rendimiento de las gallinas que envejecen, es fundamental retrasar el envejecimiento ovárico y controlar el agotamiento de la reserva de folículos primordiales después del período de producción máxima de huevos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barzegar <italic>et al.</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>Anteriormente, muchos investigadores informaron sobre los efectos antioxidantes y antiinflamatorios de la melatonina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bantounou <italic>et al</italic>. 2022</xref>). Se ha demostrado que la melatonina (MT) influye en la cantidad y madurez de los folículos ováricos, aunque las investigaciones sobre sus mecanismos específicos en las aves siguen siendo limitadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hao <italic>et al</italic>. 2020</xref>). Estudios recientes han destacado los efectos beneficiosos de la melatonina en la reproducción de varios animales. Por ejemplo, se ha descubierto que la melatonina promueve el desarrollo de los ovocitos y de los primeros embriones en mamíferos, que incluyen ratones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Ganji <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). En las gallinas ponedoras, los problemas comunes durante las últimas etapas de la producción incluyen un menor rendimiento de la puesta, una disminución del recuento de folículos en los ovarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Zakaria <italic>et al.</italic> 1983</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ferlazzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2020</xref>) y mayores tasas de rotura de huevos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Albatshan <italic>et al.</italic> 1994</xref>).</p>
				<p>La atresia, maduración y desarrollo folicular realiza una actividad importante en varias etapas de la función folicular, lo que proporciona información sobre los mecanismos moleculares subyacentes a la producción de huevos. La FSH y la LH trabajan en conjunto para garantizar el crecimiento folicular normal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Raju <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>). La FSH, que se produce en la hipófisis anterior en respuesta a la hormona liberadora de gonadotropina (GnRH) del hipotálamo, desempeña una función crucial en la fisiología reproductiva y la fertilidad tanto en animales machos como hembras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ferlazzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2020</xref>). La FSH mejora el desarrollo folicular al promover la angiogénesis en los folículos de la teca externa, especialmente en gallinas con baja producción de huevos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bi <italic>et al.</italic> 2021</xref>). Mientras que la FSH estimula el desarrollo y la maduración del óvulo, la LH es responsable de la ovulación. Los niveles óptimos de ambas hormonas aceleran el crecimiento del folículo, lo que conlleva a una mayor producción de huevos a través del desarrollo y la ovulación de más folículos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Prastiya <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref>). También participa en la regulación de las hormonas reproductivas al influir en la síntesis y secreción de FSH y LH, lo que afecta el ritmo circadiano, el crecimiento embrionario y el desarrollo de los ovarios (Duo <italic>et al.</italic> 2014). La melatonina se ha relacionado con respuestas inmunológicas mejoradas y una reducción del estrés oxidativo en aves de corral. Por ejemplo, un estudio de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> encontró que la suplementación con melatonina mejoraba el sistema inmunológico y reducía los marcadores de estrés oxidativo en pollos de engorde, lo que contribuyó a una mejor productividad y salud general. A pesar de estos resultados, existen pocas investigaciones acerca de los efectos de la melatonina en las gallinas ponedoras más allá de su pico de puesta de huevos, particularmente en Nigeria.</p>
				<p>Por lo tanto, se diseñó este experimento para evaluar el efecto de la melatonina en el perfil hormonal, el desarrollo folicular y el rendimiento de producción de ponedoras envejecidas, de dos razas de gran importancia en Nigeria.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materiales y Métodos </title>
				<sec>
					<title>Locación experimental</title>
					<p>Este experimento se aprobó en la Comunidad ética y de investigación de la Universidad con el número de referencia EBSU/2022/2087. Después de la aprobación, se llevó a cabo en la unidad avícola de la granja de enseñanza e investigación de la Universidad Estatal de Ebonyi, Abakaliki, Nigeria. El experimento se realizó durante la estación seca entre octubre de 2022 y marzo de 2023. La temperatura media fue de 37.8 a 39 <sup>o</sup>C durante la estación seca y calurosa.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Animales experimentales y manejo</title>
					<p>El estudio incluyó gallinas Isa Brown y Nera Black, ambas de 54 semanas de edad al inicio del experimento que duró 20 semanas. El experimento se realizó en dos fases, denominadas Experimento I y Experimento II, cada una centrada en una raza diferente de gallinas ponedoras. Se utilizó un total de 117 gallinas ponedoras de cada raza y las gallinas se dividieron en tres grupos de tratamientos para cada experimento. Cada grupo de tratamiento contenía 39 aves, que se subdividieron en tres réplicas de 13 gallinas cada una, alojadas en una cama de cáscara de arroz.</p>
					<p>El peso vivo promedio de las aves Isa Brown fue de 1.65 kg, mientras que las aves Nera Black promediaron 1.96 kg. Estas ponedoras se obtuvieron de Agrited, una empresa de cría con sede en Ibadan, Nigeria. Durante todo el experimento, las aves se alimentaron con un puré para ponedoras que contenía 16 % de proteína cruda, 3.5 % de extracto etéreo, 4.7 % de fibra cruda y 11.2968 MJ/kg de energía metabolizable. En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabla 1</xref> se muestra la composición de la dieta.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Tabla 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Composición del alimento del experimento</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Ingredientes</th>
										<th align="center">% Composición</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Maíz</td>
										<td align="center">48.50</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Despojos de trigo</td>
										<td align="center">10.30</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Harina de palmiche</td>
										<td align="center">12.70</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Torta de nuez molida </td>
										<td align="center">10.70</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Harina de pescado </td>
										<td align="center">6.30</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Conchas de ostras</td>
										<td align="center">6.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Harina de huesos</td>
										<td align="center">4.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Sal común</td>
										<td align="center">0.5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Premezcla</td>
										<td align="center">0.5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Lisina</td>
										<td align="center">0.25</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Metionina</td>
										<td align="center">0.25</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Total </td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>Calculado</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>Valores</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Proteína cruda %</td>
										<td align="center">16</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Fibra cruda %</td>
										<td align="center">4.70</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Extracto etéreo %</td>
										<td align="center">3.20</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Metabolizable (Mj/kg)</td>
										<td align="center">11.30</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN7">
									<p>*Premezcla para proporcionar lo siguiente por kg de alimento: Vit A-500 ui, Vit D3- 1200 mg, Vit.E-11 mg, Vit.K-2 mg, Riboflavina- 20 mg, Ácido nicotínico- 10 mg, Ácido pantoténico- 7 mg, Cobalamina- 0.08 mg, Cloruro de colina- 900 mg, Ácido fólico- 1.5 mg, Biotina-1.5 mg, Hierro- 25 mg, Manganeso- 80 mg, Cobre- 2 mg, Zinc- 50 mg, Cobalto- 1.25 mg y Selenio- 0.1 mg.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales experimentales</title>
					<p>El material experimental fue un suplemento de melatonina. La melatonina se disolvió en etanol al 10 % a razón de 5 mg/1 mL o 10 mg/1 mL y se administró por vía oral a través del agua a razón de 2 mL por litro de agua diariamente a las ponedoras.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análisis hormonal</title>
					<p>Al final del experimento (72 semanas de edad), se obtuvieron muestras de sangre (5 mL) (dos muestras en cada réplica) de la vena braquial del ala de cada gallina y se almacenaron en un tubo Vacutainer simple en una caja fría (4 °C) llena de gel de hielo y cubitos de hielo antes de trasladarlas al laboratorio. El ensayo de inmunoadsorción ligado a enzima (ELISA) se utilizó para determinar los niveles de progesterona, FSH y LH en las muestras de sangre. En el ELISA, las muestras de sangre se centrifugaron. La hormona luteinizante (LH) plasmática, la hormona foliculoestimulante (FSH) y la progesterona se cuantificaron utilizando un RIA homólogo (Krishnan <italic>et al</italic>. 1993) o se determinaron por una prueba cuantitativa basada en un kit de ELISA en fase sólida.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Evaluaciones morfológicas reproductivas</title>
					<p>Al final del experimento (72 semanas de edad), se seleccionaron al azar 6 aves de cada grupo (2 aves por réplica, lo que hace un total de 18) y se pesaron y decapitaron. Los folículos se recolectaron y se contaron rápidamente bajo el microscopio para detectar folículos blancos pequeños, folículos amarillos pequeños y folículos ligeramente más grandes de entre 5 mm y 2 mm (SWF, SYF, F5 y F2).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
					<p>Para el estudio se utilizó un arreglo factorial 2×3 en un diseño de bloques completamente aleatorizado. Las diferencias entre los grupos de tratamiento y el grupo control se analizaron con un Mini-Tab Versión 12. Se utilizaron las nuevas pruebas de rango múltiple de Duncan después de la prueba de Fisher para identificar qué condiciones de tratamiento eran significativamente diferentes entre sí a un nivel de significancia de p&lt;0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Duncan 1955</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Efecto de la melatonina en el perfil hormonal de Isa Brown</title>
					<p>Los resultados de la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabla 2</xref> muestran que la melatonina influyó significativamente (p&lt;0.05) en el perfil hormonal de las gallinas ponedoras de la raza Isa Brown. El grupo control T<sub>1</sub> (2.96 pg/mL) tuvo el nivel más bajo de progesterona, seguido por T<sub>2</sub> (6.15 pg/mL), mientras que el T<sub>3</sub> (8.24 pg/mL) tuvo el más alto. Los niveles de FSH y de LH se afectaron significativamente (p&lt;0.05) por el tratamiento con melatonina. Los más altos niveles de FSH promedio se encontraron en gallinas que se les suministró 5 mg de melatonina. T<sub>2</sub> tuvo altos niveles de FSH con 629.140 pg/mL, seguido por T<sub>3</sub> (279.45 pg/mL), mientras que el grupo control T<sub>1</sub> (198.78 pg/mL) tuvo el menor nivel. Los niveles de LH tuvieron una tendencia similar, donde T<sub>2</sub> (55.48 mUI/mL) tuvo los mayores, seguido por T<sub>3</sub> (39.64 mUI/mL) and T<sub>1</sub> (30.68 mUI/mL), respectivamente.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7">
							<label>Tabla 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Efecto medio de la melatonina en el perfil hormonal de Isa Brown</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Parámetro</th>
										<th align="center">T<sub>1</sub> (0 mg)</th>
										<th align="center">T<sub>2</sub> (5 mg)</th>
										<th align="center">T<sub>3</sub> (10 mg)</th>
										<th align="center">EEM</th>
										<th align="center">Valor de P</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Progesterona, ng/mL</td>
										<td align="center">2.96<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">6.15<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">8.24<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.41± 0.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.000**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">FSH, pg/mL</td>
										<td align="center">198.78<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">629.140<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">279.45<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">6.41± 0.07</td>
										<td align="center">0.053**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">LH, mUI/mL </td>
										<td align="center">30.68<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">55.48<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">39.64<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.32 ± 0.0</td>
										<td align="center">0.000**</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN8">
									<p><sup>a-b</sup> Las medias en la misma fila con diferentes superíndices difieren significativamente (p&lt;0.05) de acuerdo con la prueba de rango múltiple de Duncan. FSH: hormona foliculoestimulante, LSH: hormona luteinizante</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Los resultados que se muestran en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabla 3</xref> indican que la melatonina mejoró significativamente (p&lt;0.05) la producción de huevos diaria (HDEP) de ponedoras después de las 50 semanas de edad. Los grupos con 5 mg tuvieron 86.33 % seguidos de los de 10 mg que tenían 61.66 %, mientras que el grupo control (0 mg) tuvo la HDEP más baja. Se observó una tendencia similar en el peso del oviducto. El tamaño de los folículos también estuvo influenciado por la administración de melatonina. Los LYF, SYF y SWF aumentaron con la administración de melatonina. De F5-F1 hubo aumentos numéricos con niveles mayores de melatonina, pero no fue estadísticamente significativo.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label>Tabla 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Efecto medio de la melatonina en la dinámica folicular de Isa Brown</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Parámetros</th>
										<th align="center">T<sub>1</sub> (0 mg)</th>
										<th align="center">T<sub>2</sub> (5 mg)</th>
										<th align="center">T<sub>3</sub> (10 mg)</th>
										<th align="center">EEM</th>
										<th align="center">Valor de P</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">HDEP (%)</td>
										<td align="center">39.11<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">86.33<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">61.66<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">3.63 ± 0.07</td>
										<td align="center">0.005**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Oviwt (g)</td>
										<td align="center">34.40<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">64.59<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">68.18<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2.92 ± 0.02</td>
										<td align="center">0.000**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">F<sub>5</sub> (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">3.00<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">6.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">5.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.86 ± 0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.001**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">F<sub>4</sub> (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">4.00</td>
										<td align="center">6.00</td>
										<td align="center">4.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.61 ± 0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.012</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">F<sub>3</sub> (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">4.00</td>
										<td align="center">5.00</td>
										<td align="center">5.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.50 ± 0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.057</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">F<sub>2</sub> (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">4.00</td>
										<td align="center">4.00</td>
										<td align="center">5.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.99 ± 0.10</td>
										<td align="center">0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">F<sub>1</sub> (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">4.00</td>
										<td align="center">4.00</td>
										<td align="center">5.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.48 ± 0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.058</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">LYF (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">30.55<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">46.33<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">38.11<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">4.60 ± 0.10</td>
										<td align="center">0.000**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">SYF (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">18.55<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">40.66<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">30.12<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.59 ± 0.0</td>
										<td align="center">0.007**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">SWF (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">20.35<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">44.44<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">35.33<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2.03 ± 0.03</td>
										<td align="center">0.000**</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN9">
									<p><sup>a-b</sup> Las medias en la misma fila con diferentes superíndices difieren significativamente (p&lt;0.05) de acuerdo con la prueba de rango múltiple de Duncan. HDEP: producción de huevos diaria, Oviwt: peso del oviducto.</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN10">
									<p>F5: quinto folículo amarillo, F4: cuarto folículo amarillo, F3: tercer folículo amarillo, F2: segundo folículo amarillo y F1: primer folículo amarillo, LYF: folículo amarillo grande, SYF: folículo amarillo pequeño, SWF: pequeño folículo blanco</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Efecto de la melatonina en el perfil hormonal de Nera Black</title>
					<p>Los niveles de progesterona, FSH y LH se afectaron significativamente (p&lt;0.05) por el tratamiento con melatonina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">tabla 4</xref>). Los niveles más altos de FSH promedio se encontraron en las gallinas por debajo de 5 mg de melatonina (T<sub>2</sub>429.68 pg/mL), seguido por grupos con 10 mg (T<sub>3</sub>198.46 pg/mL) y 0 mg (T<sub>1</sub>52.74 pg/mL), respectivamente. Una tendencia similar se mostró igualmente en LH, donde se registraron niveles más altos en T<sub>2</sub> seguidos de T<sub>3</sub> y T<sub>1</sub>, respectivamente. Los niveles de progesterona aumentaron igualmente con un aumento de los niveles de melatonina en los grupos.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t9">
							<label>Tabla 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Efecto medio de la melatonina en el perfil hormonal de Nera Black</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Parámetro</th>
										<th align="center">T<sub>1</sub> (0 mg)</th>
										<th align="center">T<sub>2</sub> (5 mg)</th>
										<th align="center">T<sub>3</sub> (10 mg)</th>
										<th align="center">EEM</th>
										<th align="center">Valor de P</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Progesterona, ng/mL</td>
										<td align="center">3.16<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">8.15<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">9.94<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.41± 0.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.012**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">FSH, pg/mL</td>
										<td align="center">52.748<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">429.68<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">198.45<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">6.41 ± 0.05</td>
										<td align="center">0.009**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">LH, mUI/mL </td>
										<td align="center">23.55<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">51.78<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">31.14<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.32 ± 0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.000**</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN11">
									<p><sup>a-b</sup> Las medias en la misma fila con diferentes superíndices difieren significativamente (p&lt;0.05) de acuerdo con la prueba de rango múltiple de Duncan. FSH: hormona foliculoestimulante, LSH: hormona luteinizante</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Los resultados de la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">tabla 5</xref> muestran que la melatonina (p&lt;0.05) influyó en algunos de los parámetros. La HDEP mejoró con la administración de melatonina. El tratamiento T<sub>2</sub> (70.86 %) con 5 mg de melatonina tuvo una mayor HDEP, seguido de T<sub>3</sub> (58.60 %), mientras que el grupo de control tuvo la menor (31.10 %). El peso del oviducto aumentó con un mayor nivel de melatonina donde T<sub>3</sub> (84.18 g) fue seguido por T<sub>2</sub> (78.59 g), mientras que T<sub>1</sub> (54.40 g) registró el peso más bajo. Algunos de los folículos estaban igualmente influenciados por el tratamiento, mientras que otros tuvieron un aumento numérico, pero no fueron estadísticamente (p&gt;0.05) significativos.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t10">
							<label>Tabla 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Efecto medio de la melatonina en la dinámica folicular de Nera Black</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Parámetros</th>
										<th align="center">0 mg</th>
										<th align="center">5 mg</th>
										<th align="center">10 mg</th>
										<th align="center">EEM</th>
										<th align="center">Valor de P</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">HDEP (%)</td>
										<td align="center">31.10<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">70.86<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">58.60<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.13 ± 0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.007**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Oviwt (g)</td>
										<td align="center">54.40<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">78.59<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">84.18<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2.12 ± 0.02</td>
										<td align="center">0.000**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">F<sub>5</sub> (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">2.00<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">4.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">3.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.61 ± 0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.000**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">F<sub>4</sub> (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">2.00</td>
										<td align="center">4.00</td>
										<td align="center">4.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.31 ± 0. 00</td>
										<td align="center">0.031</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">F<sub>3</sub> (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">2.00</td>
										<td align="center">3.00</td>
										<td align="center">2.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.30 ± 0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">F<sub>2</sub> (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">3.00</td>
										<td align="center">4.00</td>
										<td align="center">4.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.81 ± 0.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.000</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">F<sub>1</sub> (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">2.00</td>
										<td align="center">4.00</td>
										<td align="center">4.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.28 ± 0.1</td>
										<td align="center">0.120</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">LYF (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">18.55<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">28.30<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">27.11<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">4.60 ± 0.04</td>
										<td align="center">0.000**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">SYF (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">10.00</td>
										<td align="center">15.60</td>
										<td align="center">15.10</td>
										<td align="center">0.20 ± 0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.201</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">SWF (mm)</td>
										<td align="center">10.35</td>
										<td align="center">14.44</td>
										<td align="center">13.33</td>
										<td align="center">1.43 ± 0.02</td>
										<td align="center">0.057</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN12">
									<p><sup>a-b</sup> Las medias en la misma fila con diferentes superíndices difieren significativamente (p&lt;0.05) de acuerdo con la prueba de rango múltiple de Duncan. HDEP: producción de huevos diaria, Oviwt: peso del oviducto.</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN13">
									<p>F5: quinto folículo amarillo, F4: cuarto folículo amarillo, F3: tercer folículo amarillo, F2: segundo folículo amarillo y F1: primer folículo amarillo, LYF: folículo amarillo grande, SYF: folículo amarillo pequeño, SWF: pequeño folículo blanco</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discusión</title>
				<p>El envejecimiento y el estrés ambiental afectan significativamente el potencial reproductivo de un animal, suprimiendo su capacidad de reproducirse de manera efectiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Pandi-Perumal 2013</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barzegar Yarmarhammadi <italic>et al.</italic> 2020</xref>). El aumento de los niveles de FSH y LH en ambas razas podría atribuirse a las propiedades antioxidativas y nutracéuticas de melatonina en el manejo de la enfermedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kamfar <italic>et al</italic>. 2024</xref>) Los niveles más bajos de FSH se observaron en los grupos de 10 mg de melatonina y control. El análisis estadístico de los resultados confirmó que el grupo de melatonina de 5 mg mostró niveles de FSH significativamente (P&lt;0.05) más altos. Este hallazgo está en concordancia con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ragil <italic>et al</italic>. (2022)</xref>, quienes informaron que los niveles elevados de FSH y LH en gallinas ponedoras promueven el desarrollo del folículo y la ovulación.</p>
				<p>El creciente desarrollo del folículo, la maduración y el crecimiento en las gallinas Isa Brown y Nera Black en este estudio condujo a un aumento notable en la producción de huevos diarios de gallina. Este resultado es consistente con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Jonak <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref>, quienes observaron que FSH mejora la diferenciación de células de granulosa en los folículos pre-jerárquicos y apoya la síntesis de hormonas esteroides en células granulares. Del mismo modo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ragil <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref> señalaron que los niveles más altos de FSH se asociaron con una mayor frecuencia de puesta de huevo en gallinas Isa Brown. FSH juega un papel clave en el desarrollo folicular al promover la angiogénesis en los folículos externos de las gallinas con bajas tasas de producción de huevos y gallinas envejecidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Tamura <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref> y Bi <italic>et al.</italic> 2022).</p>
				<p>El estado hormonal de una gallina influye significativamente en la producción y calidad de los huevos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Prastiya <italic>et al</italic>. 2022</xref>). Los altos niveles de FSH en las gallinas ISA Brown probablemente contribuyeron a sus recuentos de folículos más altos en comparación con las gallinas Nera Black, lo que resultó en una mayor producción de huevos diarios de gallina en el grupo Isa Brown. Además, los niveles de progesterona se elevaron en los grupos de tratamiento de melatonina en comparación con el control, lo que indica que las dosis más altas de melatonina aumentaron los niveles de progesterona, a diferencia de FSH y LH. Sin embargo, las altas dosis de melatonina (por ejemplo, 10 mg) redujeron significativamente los niveles de FSH y LH en ambas razas, como se observa en el tratamiento 3. Este resultado respalda los informes de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Kang <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref>, quienes informaron que las dosis más altas de melatonina (por ejemplo, 10 mg/kg) redujeron los niveles de FSH y LH, potencialmente debido a mecanismos de retroalimentación o respuestas endocrinas alteradas.</p>
				<p>Los niveles de hormona luteinizante (LH) fluctuaron entre los grupos de tratamiento, con las concentraciones más altas observadas en las que se suministró 5 mg de melatonina. Esto sugiere que la melatonina mejora el desarrollo del folículo, particularmente de los folículos más grandes (F1). Estos resultados son consistentes con el estudio de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Marques <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref>, quienes informaron un aumento de los niveles de LH, lo que condujo a un mayor número de folículos maduros en aves ponedoras. El aumento en la síntesis de progesterona observada en este estudio se relacionó con una reducción en los niveles de estrógeno, que ocurre a medida que crecen los folículos más grandes en la jerarquía folicular, especialmente F1. Este crecimiento contribuyó a un mejor desempeño en la puesta de las aves, a pesar de la disminución natural de la producción debido al envejecimiento.</p>
				<p>La producción de huevos diarios por gallina (HDEP) mejoró significativamente por la administración de melatonina. A las 50 semanas (350 días), las aves generalmente pasan su pico de producción de huevos, y una disminución en la producción de huevos a menudo lleva a los agricultores a vender las ponedoras como gallinas envejecidas antes de recuperar sus costos de producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Tamura <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). Sin embargo, la administración de melatonina mejoró HDEP en gallinas Isa Brown y Nera Black. Isa Brown logró el HDEP más alto con 86.33 %, seguido de Nera Black en 70.86 %. Estos resultados coinciden con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Yaxiong <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, quienes descubrieron que la melatonina mejoró la producción de huevos en ponedoras después de 400 días. Los resultados de este experimento igualmente confirman el trabajo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bocheva <italic>et al.</italic> (2024)</xref> quien señaló que la melatonina mejora la producción de huevos en las ponedoras. La producción mejorada podría atribuirse al efecto protector de la melatonina contra el estrés a través de su actividad de eliminación directa de radicales libres y actividad antioxidante indirecta a través de la producción de enzimas antioxidantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Yuanyuan <italic>et al.</italic> 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>En este experimento, los niveles de HDEP más altos se registraron en el tratamiento 2 (5 mg de melatonina), seguido del tratamiento 3, el cual mostró el rendimiento más bajo. Esto condujo a la disminución de la expresión de mediadores inflamatorios, como citocinas, moléculas de adhesión y enzimas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ferlazzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2020</xref>), lo que conduce a un mejor crecimiento folicular. Esto indica que la dosis de melatonina más baja, de 5 mg, fue más efectiva en ambas razas en comparación con la dosis más alta.</p>
				<p>El rendimiento mejorado podría atribuirse al aumento en el desarrollo del folículo, de F5 a F1, así como los folículos blancos pequeños (SWF) y los folículos amarillos pequeños (SYF) en ambas razas. Esto concuerda con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Yaxiong <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, quienes informaron que una dosis más alta de melatonina (implante de 20 mg) tuvo un efecto ligeramente inhibitorio en la velocidad de puesta. Además, mayor administración de melatonina condujo a un aumento en el peso del oviducto, que también se reflejó en mayores pesos de huevos y peso corporal promedio en las aves.</p>
				<p>Antes del experimento, la producción de huevos ocurrió una vez cada tres o cuatro días, pero dentro de los cinco días de la administración de melatonina, la producción aumentó a una vez cada dos días, y eventualmente a la puesta diaria, especialmente en gallinas Isa Brown. Esto sugiere que la melatonina puede servir como un promotor del crecimiento en los animales.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusiones</title>
				<p>Mejorar la producción de huevos diaria en aves mayores de 364 días es un objetivo crucial que puede aumentar significativamente los ingresos de los agricultores en la industria avícola. En este experimento, observamos que la melatonina influyó positivamente en el perfil hormonal de las aves, lo que condujo a un resurgimiento en su producción máxima de huevos debido a la maduración adicional de los folículos ováricos. Las aves de raza Isa Brown mostraron un rendimiento superior con un mayor número de folículos, lo que resultó en mayor producción de huevos diarios por gallina. Sin embargo, las aves de raza Nera Black tenían un mayor peso del oviducto en comparación con Isa Brown, lo que contribuyó al aumento del peso del huevo y el peso corporal general.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimientos</title>
				<p>Los autores agradecen sinceramente al Departamento de Ciencias Animales de la Universidad Estatal de Ebonyi por proporcionar la granja de investigación donde se llevó a cabo este experimento. Esta investigación no recibió ninguna subvención específica de agencias de financiación en los sectores público, comercial o sin fines de lucro.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>