Introduction
⌅Goats are notable for their remarkable adaptability. They can intake everything from highly nutritious grasses in temperate climates to poorly digestible vegetation in arid steppes. Throughout history they have played a fundamental role in human subsistence, providing milk, meat, fiber, leather, manure and labor, which demonstrate their versatility in different climates and production systems (González et al. 2021González, M., Ricarte, R., Guzmán, L., Castro, O. & Díaz, R. (2021). Red de Innovación para el Desarrollo Rural del Gran Chaco Americano en el Contexto del Cambio Climático: La Producción Caprina en el Chaco Árido Riojano-Catamarqueño. En FONTAGRO, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Available at: https://www.iadb.org/es/proyecto/RG-T3010. ).
In Argentina, goat raising has traditionally focused on the production of kids aged 45 to 60 days for sale, as well as on family consumption of capons and adult goats. Only between 5 % and 20 % of establishments are dedicated to milk production, which is mainly used for the production of fresh cheeses for self-consumption and the surplus products are sold (De La Rosa Carbajal 2011De La Rosa Carbajal, S. (2011). Manual de producción caprina (1°). Editorial Gobierno de la Provincia de Formosa.). In addition, in some cases, milk is used in the piglets or calves feeding (Martínez and Suárez 2018Martínez, G. & Suárez, V. (2018). Lechería caprina: Producción, manejo, sanidad, calidad de leche (1°). Ediciones INTA. Available at: https://repositoriosdigitales.mincyt.gob.ar/vufind/Record/INTADig_2eb291442e8da3c416b90481f36d6ba7. ).
In Laguna Yema town, in Formosa province (Argentina) there is a population of Creole goats that, it is estimated, descend from the specimens introduced by the first colonizers. These animals represent a fundamental resource for rural development, providing sustenance to a large number of small farmers. However, despite their rusticity and adaptability, goats have historically been underestimated, being blamed for aridity, overgrazing and soil erosion, without considering the wide benefits they provide (Lanari et al. 2019Lanari, M.R., Giovannini, N., Maizon, D.O., Deza, M.C.V., Bedotti, D.O., De la Rosa-Carbajal, S.A., Vera, T.A., Ricarte, R.A. & Mezzadra, C.A. (2019). Diversidad de razas caprinas criollas en Argentina. Actas Iberoamericanas de Conservación Animal, 13(2): 28-40, ISSN: 2253-9727. https://www.aicarevista.com/app/download/18078139025/AICA_Vol13_Trabajo007.pdf?t=1635175165. ).
Although the genetic characterization, reproductive parameters of females and males, as well as the productive characteristics (weight evolution from birth to 18 months) of the Criollos Formoseños goats have been studied, to date, the dairy characterization and the differences in the chemical composition of the milk between this local breed and the Anglo Nubian, widely distributed in the Formosa region, have not been precisely determined (Revidatti et al. 2013Revidatti, M., De la Rosa, S., Cappello-Villada, J., Orga, A. & Tejerina, E. (2013). Propuesta de estándar racial de la cabra Criolla del Oeste Formoseño, Argentina. Actas Iberoamericanas de Conservación Animal, 3(2): 111-122, ISSN: 2253-9727. http://www.uco.es/conbiand/aica/templatemo_110_lin_photo/articulos/2013/getfile.php?name=Trabajo018_AICA2013. and Lanari et al. 2019Lanari, M.R., Giovannini, N., Maizon, D.O., Deza, M.C.V., Bedotti, D.O., De la Rosa-Carbajal, S.A., Vera, T.A., Ricarte, R.A. & Mezzadra, C.A. (2019). Diversidad de razas caprinas criollas en Argentina. Actas Iberoamericanas de Conservación Animal, 13(2): 28-40, ISSN: 2253-9727. https://www.aicarevista.com/app/download/18078139025/AICA_Vol13_Trabajo007.pdf?t=1635175165. ).
This study aimed to compare in Criolla Formoseñas and Anglo Nubian goats, under the same management and feeding system in the central-western region of Formosa (Argentina), the average body weight, daily and accumulated milk production, the week of highest yield (lactation peak) and the chemical composition of milk.
Materials and Methods
⌅Study location: The study was carried out at the Provincial Goat Farm of the Center for Validation of Agricultural Technologies (CEDEVA) of Laguna Yema (figure 1; -24.267092442674365, -61.25092103420744), dependent on the Government of Formosa province. The cabin is located on Provincial Route No. 37, which crosses National Route No. 81.
The region has a warm subtropical climate with a continental dry season, with annual rainfalls ranging between 700 and 800 mm, concentrated mainly between November and April. The frost-free period lasts for 310 days, being the most common frosts between May and August. The prevailing winds come from the north and south (Government of Formosa Province 2025Gobierno de la Provincia de Formosa. (2025). Laguna Yema. CEDEVA - Available at: https://www.formosa.gob.ar/cedeva/lagunayema.).
Animals and management: The study included 18 adult female goats, belonging to the Anglo Nubian (n=9) and Criollo Formoseño (n=9) genotypes. In each genotype, five animals were five years old and four animals were six years old. All goats were in their third lactation, having been bred during the second half of February, with winter kidding and variability between kids less than 15 days. The body condition of the animals ranged from 3 to 3.5 points on the scale of 1 to 5 (Ghosh et al. 2019Ghosh, C.P., Datta, S., Mandal, D., Das, A.K., Roy, D.C., Roy, A. & Tudu, N.K. (2019). Body condition scoring in goat: Impact and significance. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 7(2): 554-560, ISSN: 2320-7078. https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2019/vol7issue2/PartJ/7-2-62-202.pdf. ).
Health and nutritional management was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of De La Rosa Carbajal (2011)De La Rosa Carbajal, S. (2011). Manual de producción caprina (1°). Editorial Gobierno de la Provincia de Formosa. for the region. During the first 120 days of gestation, feeding consisted of restricted rotational grazing of 6 to 7 h daily in paddocks planted with Gatton panic (Megathyrsus maximus), with a total stocking rate of 0.9 EV ha⁻¹ (Ledesma et al. 2017Ledesma, R., Saracco, F., Coria, R., Epstein, F., Gomez, A., Kunst, C., Ávila, M. & Pensiero, J. (2017). Guía de forrajeras herbáceas y leñosas del Chaco seco: Identificación y características para su manejo. (1°). Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina. Available at: https://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/handle/20.500.12123/8130. ). Additionally, during the confinement (remaining hours) in the pens, the goats were offered Gatton panic hay (as a source of fiber), water and mineral salts ad libitum.
The goats belly was confined from 30 days before the expected kidding date until the end of the trial. Both genotypes received the same diet, with 15 % TP (true protein) and an energy concentration of 8.42 MJ (2.04 Mcal) of metabolizable energy (ME) per kg of dry matter (DM), according to the recommendations of the National Research Council (2007)National Research Council. (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. National Academies Press..
The diet was formulated with cracked corn (80 %), alfalfa hay (19 %) and urea (1 %) and was offered based on 4 % of the average body weight of each lot (breed). An equivalent supply of food and nutrients was ensured in terms relative to the live weight of the animals. Additionally, Gatton panic hay was provided ad libitum as a source of fiber. This nutritional strategy was before and during lactation to standardize diet quality and minimize the influence of extrinsic factors on productive performance and milk composition.
In addition, the kids stayed with their mothers for two weeks, then weaning and transfer to the kid barn took place, a facility specifically designed to house and handle unweaned kids, allowing their artificial feeding.
Milking and evaluation of milk production: Milking was manually carried out, replicating the traditional system used in the region for the Creole genotype, in order to maintain representative management conditions. Two daily milking were performed (8:30 a.m. and 16:30; Argentine Standard Time, ART, UTC −3). After weaning, milk production sampling was extended for the following 13 weeks.
Daily milk production (kg/d) was monitored from Monday to Friday. A WeiHeng® brand digital hanging scale (maximum capacity of 40 kg, precision of 10 g) was used for the measurement. Likewise, body weight was recorded every 15 days using a Crane Scale® brand digital hanging scale (model OSC-L, maximum capacity of 300 kg, accuracy of 100 g).
To evaluate the chemical composition of milk (fat, total proteins and lactose), two weekly samplings were carried out, corresponding to the first milking performed on Tuesdays and Fridays of each week. The samples were refrigerated (between 1 and 4 °C), sent and analyzed following the protocols established by the ALECoL laboratory (Asociación del Litoral de Entidades de Control Lecher) located in Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina. The determination of the components was carried out using a Master ECO ultrasonic milk analyzer (Milkotester Ltd.), quickly, without the use of chemical reagents.
Study variables and statistical analysis: The variables considered were average body weight (kg), average daily milk production (kg/d), total accumulated production (sum of daily production, in kg), peak of the lactation curve (maximum weekly production), expressed in kg/d, milk composition (percentage values of fat, total proteins and lactose, expressed per 100 mL of milk).
First, descriptive statistics were performed for each variable, including the mean, standard deviation, standard error, minimum and maximum values, and the percentage coefficient of variation, considered as a proportional measure of data variability. Normality was assessed using the modified Shapiro-Wilk test (p>0.10). Since the variables did not fulfill the assumption of normality, non-parametric analyses were applied for the comparison between genotypes.
In addition, lactation curves were developed for both genotypes using Microsoft Excel from the average weekly production values, identifying the productive peak. For descriptive purposes, a polynomial regression fit was applied to represent the production trend during lactation in each genotype. For the analysis of lactation peak, the maximum individual value of daily production recorded during the evaluated period was considered for each goat. These values were compared between genotypes using the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05), considering the genotype as an effect.
Finally, Spearman's correlation (p<0.05) was used to analyze the association between average body weight, average daily milk production and the chemical composition of milk (fat, protein and lactose). The analysis was performed on the entire group of animals, considering that both breeds shared management and feeding conditions.
Data analysis was performed using the InfoStat-Statistical program (Di Rienzo et al. 2020Di Rienzo, J., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M., González, L., Tablada, M. & Robledo, C. (2020). InfoStat (2020e). Grupo InfoStat, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. Available at: https://www.infostat.com.ar.).
Results and Discussion
⌅Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics values of the productive variables and chemical composition, broken down by genotype, as well as the results of the non-parametric variance test.
| Variable | Breed | Mean | S.D. | S.E. | CV | Min | Max | p*value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average body weight, kg | AN | 50.81 | 4.01 | 1.42 | 7.90 | 43.66 | 56.24 | 0.0104 |
| CF | 43.56 | 4.03 | 1.42 | 9.25 | 37.79 | 50.95 | ||
| Average daily production, kg/d | AN | 1.15 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 15.07 | 0.84 | 1.44 | 0.0006 |
| CF | 0.77 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 18.09 | 0.65 | 1.09 | ||
| Total cumulative production, kg | AN | 103.86 | 15.65 | 5.53 | 15.07 | 75.98 | 129.6 | 0.0006 |
| CF | 69.35 | 12.54 | 4.43 | 18.09 | 58.68 | 97.94 | ||
| Total fats in milk, % | AN | 5.12 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 3.52 | 4.90 | 5.40 | 0.0002 |
| CF | 5.70 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 1.96 | 5.55 | 5.84 | ||
| Total proteins in milk, % | AN | 4.22 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 2.14 | 4.04 | 4.30 | 0.6690 |
| CF | 4.18 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 3.11 | 4.00 | 4.36 | ||
| Lactose, % | AN | 4.63 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 2.99 | 4.45 | 4.81 | 0.0002 |
| CF | 5.11 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 3.1 | 4.88 | 5.32 |
S.D.: standard deviation, S.E.: standard error, CV: coefficient of variation (%), Min: minimum, Max: maximum. *Kruskal-Wallis test according to breed (p<0.05)
The analysis revealed statistically significant differences between both genotypes in terms of body weight, with higher values in the Anglo Nubian goats. Spearman's correlation matrix (table 2) showed a moderate positive association between body weight and daily milk production, according to Mukaka (2012)Mukaka, M.M. (2012). A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Medical Journal, 24(3): 69-71, ISSN: 1995-7270. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3576830/. criteria.
| Variable | ABW | ADP | Fat | Prot. | Lact. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABW | - | 0.59* | −0.66** | NS | −0.48* |
| ADP | - | −0.73* | NS | −0.70* | |
| Fat | - | NS | 0.69* | ||
| Prot. | - | NS | |||
| Lact. | - |
ABW: average body weight, ADP: average daily production, Fat: total fats in milk, Prot.: total proteins in milk, Lact.: lactose (%), NS: not significant, *p˂0.05, **p˂0.01
A higher body weight can have relevant productive implications, since greater mass is usually associated with higher milk production (Silva et al. 2021Silva, I.W.H., Moura, J.F.P., Santos Júnior, E., Pereira Filho, J.M., Oliveira, J.P.F., Dias-Silva, T.P. & Bezerra, L.R. (2021). Dairy goat production in the semi-arid region: productive and reproductive analysis, and the influence of the adoption of hygienic practices on milk quality. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 73(5): 1147-1158, ISSN: 1678-4162. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12364. ). However, this also implies an increase in resource intake, which could represent a limitation in traditional production systems (Maldonado-Jáquez et al. 2017Maldonado-Jáquez, J.A., Granados-Rivera, L.D., Hernández-Mendo, O., Pastor-Lopéz, F.J., Isidro-Requejo, L.M., Salinas-González, H. & Torres-Hernández, G. (2017). Uso de un alimento integral como complemento a cabras locales en pastoreo: respuesta en producción y composición química de la leche. Nova Scientia, 9(18): 55-75, ISSN: 2007-0705. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-07052017000100055. , 2025Maldonado-Jáquez, J.A., Torres-Hernández, G., Hernández-Mendo, O., Gallegos-Sánchez, J., Mora-Flores, J.S. & Granados-Rivera, L.D. (2025). Long-term supplementation affects the production, composition and lactation curve of local grazing goats. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 57(2): 155-164, ISSN: 1853-8665. https://revistas.uncu.edu.ar/ojs3/index.php/RFCA/article/view/8051/7470. ).
The body weights recorded in this study were higher than those reported for local goats in Mexico, such as ⁓35 kg in La Comarca and ⁓38 kg in Coahuila (Maldonado-Jáquez et al. 2017Maldonado-Jáquez, J.A., Granados-Rivera, L.D., Hernández-Mendo, O., Pastor-Lopéz, F.J., Isidro-Requejo, L.M., Salinas-González, H. & Torres-Hernández, G. (2017). Uso de un alimento integral como complemento a cabras locales en pastoreo: respuesta en producción y composición química de la leche. Nova Scientia, 9(18): 55-75, ISSN: 2007-0705. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-07052017000100055. , 2025Maldonado-Jáquez, J.A., Torres-Hernández, G., Hernández-Mendo, O., Gallegos-Sánchez, J., Mora-Flores, J.S. & Granados-Rivera, L.D. (2025). Long-term supplementation affects the production, composition and lactation curve of local grazing goats. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 57(2): 155-164, ISSN: 1853-8665. https://revistas.uncu.edu.ar/ojs3/index.php/RFCA/article/view/8051/7470. ). In turn, they were lower than the 60 kg reported for Anglo Nubian goats of French and North American origin (Maşner 2020Maşner, O. (2020). The productivity of Anglo-Nubian goats in the conditions of the Republic of Moldova. Bulgarian Journal of Animal Husbandry, 57(4): 19-24, ISSN: 2534-9856. https://agriacad.eu/ojs/index.php/bjah/article/view/185. ). In this context, the observed values place both populations of Formosa within the characteristic range of eumetric breeds.
The average daily production values and the total accumulated production values significantly favored the Anglo Nubian breed. Likewise, the percentage coefficient of variation was higher in the Criolla Formoseña, which agrees with what Gama (2024)Gama, L. (2024). Caracterización genética de los Recursos Genéticos Animales. En Mejoramiento Genético Animal (pp. 481-520). Acribia. Available at: https://www.editorialacribia.com/libro/mejoramiento-genetico-animal_155359/. pointed out, who shows that in local genotypes a higher genetic diversity is usually expressed in a higher productive variability.
The daily production values recorded in Criolla Formoseña population from Formosa were higher than those reported for Creole genotypes from Bolivia (0.44 kg/d, Stemmer and Zárate 2016Stemmer, A. & Zárate, A. (2016). La crianza de caprinos en Bolivia y la función primordial de la cabra criolla. En: J. Vargas Bayona, L. Zaragoza Martínez, J. Delgado Bermejo, & G. Rodríguez Galván (Eds.), Biodiversidad caprina iberoamericana (1°, pp. 169-187). Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia. Available at: https://ediciones.ucc.edu.co/index.php/ucc/catalog/book/42.), developed in traditional extensive systems. Likewise, both evaluated populations showed lower production levels than those reported for Anglo Nubian goats in Brazil (1.47 kg/d, Silva et al. 2021Silva, I.W.H., Moura, J.F.P., Santos Júnior, E., Pereira Filho, J.M., Oliveira, J.P.F., Dias-Silva, T.P. & Bezerra, L.R. (2021). Dairy goat production in the semi-arid region: productive and reproductive analysis, and the influence of the adoption of hygienic practices on milk quality. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 73(5): 1147-1158, ISSN: 1678-4162. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12364. ), managed in grazing systems (Buffel grass - Cenchrus ciliaris) and supplementation. In contrast, the values were markedly lower than those reported for Anglo Nubian goats in their third lactation in Moldova (3.12 kg/d), in semi-intensive systems with predominant grazing of Medicago spp. (Maşner 2020Maşner, O. (2020). The productivity of Anglo-Nubian goats in the conditions of the Republic of Moldova. Bulgarian Journal of Animal Husbandry, 57(4): 19-24, ISSN: 2534-9856. https://agriacad.eu/ojs/index.php/bjah/article/view/185. ). These differences reflect the interaction between genotype, management system and environmental conditions, factors that jointly condition the expression of productive potential.
Figure 2 shows the lactation curves of both genotypes in the same management and feeding system, previously described, with a descriptive polynomial fit to represent the general shape of each one, which allows the observed differences to be interpreted as a differential response to the same productive environment.
In this context, the higher production and persistence of the Anglo Nubian reflect a higher relative dairy potential compared to the Criolla Formoseña, which is favorable for systems oriented towards milk production. In contrast, Criolla Formoseña shows a more pronounced decrease after the peak, which configures a productive pattern that could be adapted to traditional extensive systems, in which adaptation to the environment and rusticity are priority attributes.
Regarding lactation peak, when considering the maximum individual value of daily production recorded for each goat, there were significant differences between genotypes (p=0.008). Anglo Nubian goats (1.80±0.38 kg/d) showed a higher maximum production than the Criollas Formoseñas (1.32±0.30 kg/d).
The week in which the maximum production was recorded did not statistically differ between both genotypes (p=0.8437). In descriptive terms, the lactation was concentrated between weeks 5-6, although the Anglo Nubian showed higher variability in the week of occurrence of the maximum. Although the peak time was comparable between genotypes, the magnitude of the maximum productive was higher in the Anglo Nubian.
In herds of Saanen goats, Catota-Gómez et al. (2016)Catota-Gómez, L., Martínez-González, J., Hernández-Hernández, N. & Goyes-Vera, F. (2016). Curva de lactancia en cabras Saanen. XL Aniversario del Congreso Nacional e Internacional de Buiatría, 732-736. https://surl.li/lloxda. reported that the production peak in third-kidding goats occurs at 53 days postkidding, that is, approximately two weeks later than observed in Anglo Nubian goats evaluated in Formosa. However, in both cases the peak is recorded before the expected range for dairy biotypes, which is usually located around the eighth week of lactation (Martínez and Suárez 2018Martínez, G. & Suárez, V. (2018). Lechería caprina: Producción, manejo, sanidad, calidad de leche (1°). Ediciones INTA. Available at: https://repositoriosdigitales.mincyt.gob.ar/vufind/Record/INTADig_2eb291442e8da3c416b90481f36d6ba7. ).
This advance of the productive peak is part of a general pattern, characterized by an increase in production during the first or second month of lactation, followed by a progressive decline, a pattern described by Ortega Chávez (2016)Ortega Chávez, I. (2016). Predicción de la producción de leche, grasa y proteína de acuerdo al nivel de células somáticas en leche de cabra. Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México. Available at: http://bdigital.dgse.uaa.mx:8080/xmlui/handle/11317/1211. in both goats in the United States and also recorded in this study.
Isidro-Requejo et al. (2017)Isidro-Requejo, L.M., Maldonado-Jáquez, J., Granados-Rivera, L.D., Salinas-González, H., Vélez-Monroy, L.I., Chávez, A.U. & Pastor-López, F.J. (2017). Suplementación pre y postparto durante la estación lluviosa en cabras locales del norte de México. Nova Scientia, 9(19): 134-153, ISSN: 2007-0705. https://doi.org/10.21640/ns.v9i19.977. reported that, in local goats in northern Mexico, the production peak occurred between the fifth and sixth week of lactation, depending on the applied treatment, which agrees with the obtained results in Formosa.
The results show that breed had a marked influence on milk composition, with significant differences in fat (p=0.0002) and lactose (p=0.0002) levels. The Criollas Formoseñas showed higher contents of both components compared to the Anglo Nubian. However, the protein content between genotypes did not significantly differ (p=0.6690), indicating a similar response of this component under the evaluated conditions.
Additionally, Spearman's correlation matrix between milk production and milk quality parameters (table 2) allowed for a deeper analysis of the relation between the production level and the chemical composition of the milk. The average daily production was negatively and significantly associated with fat content and lactose content, with moderate to high magnitudes according to the correlation strength interpretation criteria proposed by Mukaka (2012)Mukaka, M.M. (2012). A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Medical Journal, 24(3): 69-71, ISSN: 1995-7270. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3576830/. . Likewise, the fat content showed a positive and moderate to high correlation with the lactose content.
The differences in milk composition between genotypes, as well as the inverse relation between production level and concentration of some components, have been described by Praharani et al. (2015)Praharani, L., Supryati, S. & Krisnan, R. (2015). Milk quality of Anglo Nubian × Etawah grade goats and Saanen × Etawah grade goats at first kidding period. The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production: Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production, 402-405. Available at: https://es.scribd.com/document/387873188/30675-70714-1-SM. , who pointed out that genotypes with lower milk production tend to have higher concentrations of solids, which is attributed to less dilution of the components in lower production volumes. Similarly, Isidro-Requejo et al. (2017)Isidro-Requejo, L.M., Maldonado-Jáquez, J., Granados-Rivera, L.D., Salinas-González, H., Vélez-Monroy, L.I., Chávez, A.U. & Pastor-López, F.J. (2017). Suplementación pre y postparto durante la estación lluviosa en cabras locales del norte de México. Nova Scientia, 9(19): 134-153, ISSN: 2007-0705. https://doi.org/10.21640/ns.v9i19.977. observed that, in goats under extensive management, the fat content remained relatively stable during lactation, suggesting that the homogeneity of this component could be associated with the adaptation of the Creole genotype to its environment (Gama 2024Gama, L. (2024). Caracterización genética de los Recursos Genéticos Animales. En Mejoramiento Genético Animal (pp. 481-520). Acribia. Available at: https://www.editorialacribia.com/libro/mejoramiento-genetico-animal_155359/.).
The low variability in dairy components, particularly in the fat content of the Criollas Formoseñas, shows a homogeneous compositional profile under the evaluated production conditions. This performance is consistent with what was showed by Salvador and Martínez (2007)Salvador, A. & Martínez, G. (2007). Factores que afectan la producción y composición de la leche de cabra: Revisión bibliográfica. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, 48(2): 61-76, ISSN: 2477-944X. http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0258-65762007000200001&Ing=es&nrm=iso. , who describe that some genotypes have higher compositional stability during lactation. It is also relevant when considering that genetics can influence on the levels of milk components as well as on the stability of their expression (Boshoff et al. 2024Boshoff, M., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Andrews, C. & Turner, S. (2024). Modeling daily yields of milk, fat, protein, and lactose of New Zealand dairy goats undergoing standard and extended lactations. Journal of Dairy Science, 107(3): 1500-1509, ISSN: 1525-3198. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-23926. ).
It is highlight that, unlike what was recorded in previous meta-analyses, where milk production is negatively associated with the fat and protein content of milk (Salvador and Martínez 2007Salvador, A. & Martínez, G. (2007). Factores que afectan la producción y composición de la leche de cabra: Revisión bibliográfica. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, 48(2): 61-76, ISSN: 2477-944X. http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0258-65762007000200001&Ing=es&nrm=iso. and Akshit et al. 2024Akshit, F.N.U., Mao, T., Kaushik, R., Poswal, V. & Deshwal, G.K. (2024). Global comprehensive review and meta-analysis of goat milk composition by location, publication year and lactation stage. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 127: 105973, ISSN: 1096-0481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2024.105973.), in this study the protein component remained independent of the production level. This result suggests higher stability of the protein fraction in the face of variations in daily production.
Regarding lactose, Meng et al. (2025)Meng, Z., Fang, C., Zhao, Q., Yang, L., Jin, H., Qi, J. & An, X. (2025). Associations Between Milk Composition, Blood Metabolomics, and Systemic Physiological Indices in High-vs. Low-Yielding Guanzhong Dairy Goats During Early Lactation. Veterinary Sciences, 12(10): 990, ISSN: 2306-7381. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100990. reported concordant results in Guanzhong goats. The highest-performing animals showed lower concentrations of this component, in line with the negative association observed in this study between daily production and percentage of lactose.
Under the conditions of this research, the results show that the increase in the production level is associated with changes in the concentration of fat and lactose, while the protein content remains independent of daily production.
Conclusions
⌅Productive and compositional differences were identified among the evaluated goat genotypes. Anglo Nubian goats showed higher values for average body weight, average daily and total accumulated milk production, higher magnitude of lactation peak, and higher productive persistence. In contrast, the Criollas Formoseñas showed a higher concentration of fat and lactose in the milk and lower variability in these components. At the population level, body weight was positively associated with daily production, while the productive level showed negative relations with fat and lactose concentration, without showing associations with protein content.