In order to include levels of
The use of fibrous foods in the feeding of replacement pullets and laying hens favors the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract of animals, reduces digestive disorders and does not affect productivity at the beginning and during laying (
The use of
The use of
In the consulted literature, there is not much information about the use of moringa in White Leghorn replacement pullets. Therefore, this study aims to include levels of
The experiment was carried out in the Poultry Experimental Unit of the Institute of Animal Science (ICA), located at km 47½ Carretera Central, San José de las Lajas municipality, Mayabeque province.
Supergenius variety of moringa forage was used in both experiments and it was cut at 55 d of regrowth. Later, it was air dried under roof for five days and then, it was ground in a hammer mill at 1.5 mm in particle size.
Two experiments were performed. Experiment 1 consisted of the use of 0, 10, 15 and 20% of moringa forage meal in the diet for replacement pullets from 9 to 18 weeks of age. For experiment 2, the same animals from control and 20% of moringa forage meal treatments of experiment 1 were used, from 19 to 26 weeks of age.
For preparing diets, the chemical analysis of moringa forage meal was carried out, according to
Amino acids, %
Dry matter 100 %
Methionine
0.243
Cystine
0.395
Methionine + Cystine
0.640
Lysine
0.511
Threonine
0.489
Tryptophan
0.149
Arginine
1.198
Isoleucine
0.494
Leucine
0.865
Valine
0.634
Histidine
0.238
Phenylalanine
0.576
Glycine
0.719
Serine
0.527
Proline
0.665
Alanine
0.728
Aspartic acid
1.032
Glutamic acid
2,118
Metabolizable energy (ME) was estimated according to the value of a
With this equation, the energy estimate of
These fowls were randomly distributed, according to a completely randomized design. Four treatments were established, which consisted of the inclusion of 0, 10, 15 and 20% of
The composition of the diets for replacement pullets, from 9 to 18 weeks of age, is shown in
1Premix: Vitamin supplement: vit. A, 10,000UI; vit. D3, 2,000 IU; vit. E, 10 mg; vit. K, 2 mg; thiamine, 1 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; pyridoxine, 2 mg; vit. B12, 15.4 μg; nicotinic acid, 125 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; folic acid, 0.25 mg; biotin, 0.02 mg. Mineral supplement: selenium, 0.1 mg; iron, 40 mg; copper, 12 mg; zinc, 120 mg; magnesium, 100 mg; iodine, 2.5 mg; cobalt 0.75 mg
Raw matters
Moringa forage meal (%)
0
10
15
20
Corn meal
70.00
70.48
67.44
63.72
Soy bean meal (44% CP)
19.90
16.05
14.59
13.10
Inert filler (sand)
5.66
0
0
0
Moringa meal
0
10
15
20
Dicalcium phosphate
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
Calcium carbonate
1.52
0.53
0.04
0
Salt
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
DL methionine
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.10
L- lysine
0
0.01
0.01
0.01
Premix1
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Crude protein
14.50
14.50
14.50
14.50
Metabolizable energy, Mj/kg
11.79
12.08
11.80
11.45
Available phosphorus, %
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
Total calcium, %
0.95
0.92
0.90
1.05
Methionine + Cystine, %
0.57
0.58
0.57
0.57
Lysine, %
0.66
0.65
0.65
0.65
Threonine, %
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.52
Tryptophan, %
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.18
Crude fiber, %
2.26
3.36
3.88
4.40
1Premix: Vitamin supplement: vit. A, 10,000UI; vit. D3, 2,000 IU; vit. E, 10 mg; vit. K, 2 mg; thiamine, 1 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; pyridoxine, 2 mg; vit. B12, 15.4 μg; nicotinic acid, 125 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; folic acid, 0.25 mg; biotin, 0.02 mg. Mineral supplement: selenium, 0.1 mg; iron, 40 mg; copper, 12 mg; zinc, 120 mg; magnesium, 100 mg; iodine, 2.5 mg; cobalt 0.75 mg
Raw matters
Moringa forage meal (%)
0
10
15
20
Corn meal
66.42
59.95
56.76
53.56
Soy bean meal (44% CP)
26.29
23.62
22.27
20.92
Moringa meal
0
10
15
20
Dicalcium phosphate
1.69
1.70
1.70
1.70
Calcium carbonate
4.14
3.27
2.81
2.36
Salt
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
DL- methionine
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
Premix1
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Crude Protein
17
17
17
17
Metabolizable energy, Mj/kg
11.88
11.29
11.00
10.72
Available phosphorus, %
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
Total calcium, %
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Methionine + Cystine, %
0.73
0.73
0.73
0.73
Lysine, %
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.82
Threonine, %
0.61
0.62
0.62
0.62
Tryptophan, %
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
Crude fiber, %
2.55
3.59
4.12
4.64
Individual liveweight of animals was controlled at 9 and 18 weeks of age, as well as weekly feed intake per repetition. A FWE digital balance was used for this, with a scale from 0 to 25 kg and accuracy of 0.001 g. Liveweight gain from 9 to 18 weeks of age and food conversion were calculated. At 18 weeks of age, tarsus length was measured.
Ten fowls were slaughtered per treatment at 18 weeks of age to determine the weight of liver, oviduct, ovary and abdominal fat, expressed in grams (g).
Experiment 2. At 19 weeks of age, hens of control and 20% of moringa treatments were placed in the laying unit to continue experiment 1 and analyze productive indicators at the beginning of laying peak at week 26. They were distributed according to a completely randomized design, at the rate of 2 hens per cage and 10 repetitions per treatment.
The cages used were 40 cm in the front by 41 cm deep. Food was offered in linear feeders, and water was provided at will in nipple drinkers (2 nipples/cage). An amount of 16 hours of light and eight hours of darkness was offered each day.
Diet composition in the stage from 19 to 26 weeks of age (beginning of production) is shown in
1Premix: Vitamin supplement: vit. A, 10,000UI; vit. D3, 2,000 IU; vit. E, 10 mg; vit. K, 2 mg; thiamine, 1 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; pyridoxine, 2 mg; vit. B12, 15.4 μg; nicotinic acid, 125 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; folic acid, 0.25 mg; biotin, 0.02 mg. Mineral supplement: selenium, 0.1 mg; iron, 40 mg; copper, 12 mg; zinc, 120 mg; magnesium, 100 mg; iodine, 2.5 mg; cobalt 0.75 mg
Raw matters for feedstuff and contributions
Moringa forage meal (%)
0
20
Corn meal
57.75
44.77
Soy bean meal (44% CP)
27.92
22.55
Moringa meal
-
20
Vegetal oil
2.30
2.30
Dicalcium phosphate
1.70
1.76
Calcium carbonate
8.86
7.15
Salt
0.25
0.25
DL- methionine
0.22
0.22
Premix1
1.00
1.00
Crude Protein
17
17
Metabolizable energy, MJ/kg
11.65
10.90
Available phosphorus, %
0.40
0.40
Total calcium, %
3.80
3.80
Methionine + Cystine, %
0.73
0.73
Lysine, %
0.86
0.85
Threonine, %
0.62
0.62
Tryptophan, %
0.21
0.22
Crude fiber, %
2.49
4.58
Laying rate, feed intake per animal per day and egg weight were monitored. Yolk pigmentation was determined by Roche yolk color fan. Food needed for producing an egg was calculated.
For the statistical processing of results of both experiments, INFOSTAT, version 2012 (
Covariate analysis was performed for the variables tarsus length, at the beginning and 18 weeks of age. Liveweight at 18 weeks of age, mean weight gain during the stage and conversion were determined. Initial weight was taken as concomitant variable.
This performance demonstrates that diets with moringa forage meal were able to meet the nutritional needs of White Leghorn L33 replacement pullets, between 9 and 18 weeks of age. According to
Indicators
Moringa forage meal (%)
SE ±
Sig.
0
10
15
20
Liveweight at 18 weeks, g
1269
1256
1237
1248
29
P=0.8854
Intake from 9 to 18 weeks, g
4238
4436
4504
4447
95
P=0.2453
Tarsus length, mm
89.19
88.42
89.34
88.40
0.57
P=0.5241
Indicators (from 9 to 18 weeks)
Moringa forage meal (%)
Sig. Treat.
Sig. Covariable
0
10
15
20
Weight gain, g
591 ± 29
593 ± 30
564 ± 29
570 ± 29
P=0.8585
P=0.0236
Food conversion
7.27 ± 0.47
7.74 ± 0.48
8.09 ± 0.46
7.89 ± 0.47
P=0.6481
P=0.0386
In this study, regardless of the increase of crude fiber content in the diets used, it did not exceed 5%. Replacement pullets assimilated this contribution for their growth and development.
a,b different letters in the same line indicate significant differences for P<0.05
Indicator
Moringa forage meal (%)
SE ±
Sig.
0
10
15
20
Liver , g
27.44
26.44
26.67
24.56
1.93
P=0.7511
Abdominal fat, g
13.11b
8.56ab
3.33a
4.56a
2.05
P=0.0084
Oviduct, g
5.89
4.22
5.67
6.44
1.94
P=0.8694
Ovary, g
0.89
1.33
1.11
0.56
0.47
P=0.6881
According to
Yolk pigmentation, at 26 weeks, was higher with 20% moringa meal in the diet. As stated by
Indicators
Moringa forage meal (%)
SE ±
Sig.
0
20
Laying, %
93.57
93.57
1.05
0.9999
Intake, g/animal/d
106
109
1
0.0480
g of feedstuff/egg
113
118
12
0.6740
Egg weight, g
49
50
1
0.3824
Yolk pigmentation
4
6
0.2
0.0001
Indicator
Moringa forage meal (%)
0
20
Crude protein, g
18.02
18.53
Metabolizable energy, kcal
295
284
Crude fiber, g
2.64
4.99
Available phosphorus, mg
424
436
Total calcium, g
4.03
4.14
Methionine + cystine, mg
774
796
Lysine, mg
912
927
Threonine, mg
657
676
Tryptophan, mg
223
240
Para incluir niveles de harina de forraje de
El uso de alimentos fibrosos en la alimentación del reemplazo y de la gallina ponedora favorece el funcionamiento del tracto gastrointestinal de las aves, reduce los trastornos digestivos y no afecta la productividad al inicio y durante la puesta (
El uso de
La utilización de la harina de forraje de
En la literatura consultada no se dispone de mucha información acerca del uso de la moringa en aves de reemplazo de ponedoras White Leghorn. Por ello, este estudio tuvo como objetivo incluir niveles de harina de forraje de
El trabajo se desarrolló en la Unidad Experimental Avícola del Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA), situado en el km 47½ de la Carretera Central, municipio San José de las Lajas, provincia Mayabeque.
El forraje de moringa que se utilizó en ambos experimentos es de la variedad Supergenius. Se cortó a los 55 d de rebrote. Posteriormente, se secó al aire bajo techo durante cinco días y luego, se molió en un molino de martillo a 1,5 mm de tamaño de partícula.
Se realizaron dos experimentos. El experimento 1 consistió en la utilización de 0, 10, 15 y 20 % de harina de forraje de moringa en la dieta para reemplazo de ponedoras de 9 a 18 semanas de edad. En el experimento 2, se usaron las mismas aves del experimento 1, de 19 a 26 semanas de edad, de los grupos control y 20 % de harina de forraje de moringa en la dieta.
Para la confección de las dietas se realizó el análisis químico de la harina de forraje de moringa, según
Amino acids, %
Dry matter 100 %
Methionine
0.243
Cystine
0.395
Methionine + Cystine
0.640
Lysine
0.511
Threonine
0.489
Tryptophan
0.149
Arginine
1.198
Isoleucine
0.494
Leucine
0.865
Valine
0.634
Histidine
0.238
Phenylalanine
0.576
Glycine
0.719
Serine
0.527
Proline
0.665
Alanine
0.728
Aspartic acid
1.032
Glutamic acid
2,118
La energía metabolizable (EM) se estimó según el valor de una ecuación de
Con esta ecuación se obtuvo la estimación energética del forraje de
Las aves se distribuyeron al azar, según diseño completamente aleatorizado. Se establecieron cuatro tratamientos, que consistieron en la inclusión en la dieta de 0, 10, 15 y 20 % de harina de forraje de
La composición de las dietas utilizadas en aves de 9 a 18 semanas de edad se muestra en las
1Premix: Vitamin supplement: vit. A, 10,000UI; vit. D3, 2,000 IU; vit. E, 10 mg; vit. K, 2 mg; thiamine, 1 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; pyridoxine, 2 mg; vit. B12, 15.4 μg; nicotinic acid, 125 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; folic acid, 0.25 mg; biotin, 0.02 mg. Mineral supplement: selenium, 0.1 mg; iron, 40 mg; copper, 12 mg; zinc, 120 mg; magnesium, 100 mg; iodine, 2.5 mg; cobalt 0.75 mg
Raw matters
Moringa forage meal (%)
0
10
15
20
Corn meal
70.00
70.48
67.44
63.72
Soy bean meal (44% CP)
19.90
16.05
14.59
13.10
Inert filler (sand)
5.66
0
0
0
Moringa meal
0
10
15
20
Dicalcium phosphate
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
Calcium carbonate
1.52
0.53
0.04
0
Salt
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
DL methionine
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.10
L- lysine
0
0.01
0.01
0.01
Premix1
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Crude protein
14.50
14.50
14.50
14.50
Metabolizable energy, Mj/kg
11.79
12.08
11.80
11.45
Available phosphorus, %
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
Total calcium, %
0.95
0.92
0.90
1.05
Methionine + Cystine, %
0.57
0.58
0.57
0.57
Lysine, %
0.66
0.65
0.65
0.65
Threonine, %
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.52
Tryptophan, %
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.18
Crude fiber, %
2.26
3.36
3.88
4.40
1Premix: Vitamin supplement: vit. A, 10,000UI; vit. D3, 2,000 IU; vit. E, 10 mg; vit. K, 2 mg; thiamine, 1 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; pyridoxine, 2 mg; vit. B12, 15.4 μg; nicotinic acid, 125 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; folic acid, 0.25 mg; biotin, 0.02 mg. Mineral supplement: selenium, 0.1 mg; iron, 40 mg; copper, 12 mg; zinc, 120 mg; magnesium, 100 mg; iodine, 2.5 mg; cobalt 0.75 mg
Raw matters
Moringa forage meal (%)
0
10
15
20
Corn meal
66.42
59.95
56.76
53.56
Soy bean meal (44% CP)
26.29
23.62
22.27
20.92
Moringa meal
0
10
15
20
Dicalcium phosphate
1.69
1.70
1.70
1.70
Calcium carbonate
4.14
3.27
2.81
2.36
Salt
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
DL- methionine
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
Premix1
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Crude Protein
17
17
17
17
Metabolizable energy, Mj/kg
11.88
11.29
11.00
10.72
Available phosphorus, %
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
Total calcium, %
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Methionine + Cystine, %
0.73
0.73
0.73
0.73
Lysine, %
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.82
Threonine, %
0.61
0.62
0.62
0.62
Tryptophan, %
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
Crude fiber, %
2.55
3.59
4.12
4.64
Se controló el peso vivo individual de las aves a las 9 y 18 semanas de edad, así como el consumo de alimento semanal por repetición. Se utilizó para ello una pesa digital FWE, con escala de 0 a 25 kg y precisión de 0.001 g. Se calculó la ganancia de peso vivo de 9 a 18 semanas de edad y la conversión alimentaria. A las 18 semanas de edad se midió el largo de los tarsos.
Se sacrificaron 10 aves por tratamiento a las 18 semanas de edad para determinar el peso del hígado, el oviducto, el ovario y la grasa abdominal, expresados en gramos (g).
Experimento 2. A las 19 semanas de edad, se ubicaron las gallinas de los tratamientos control y 20 % de moringa en la nave de ponedoras para dar continuidad al experimento 1 y analizar los indicadores productivos al inicio del pico de puesta en la semana 26. Se distribuyeron según diseño completamente aleatorizado, a razón de 2 gallinas por jaula y 10 repeticiones por tratamiento.
Las jaulas utilizadas fueron de 40 cm de frente por 41 cm de fondo. El alimento se ofertó en comederos lineales, y el agua a voluntad en bebederos de niple (2 niples / jaula). Se ofrecieron 16 h de iluminación y ocho horas de oscuridad cada día.
La composición de las dietas utilizadas en la etapa de 19 a 26 semanas de edad (inicio de producción) se muestra en la
1Premix: Vitamin supplement: vit. A, 10,000UI; vit. D3, 2,000 IU; vit. E, 10 mg; vit. K, 2 mg; thiamine, 1 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; pyridoxine, 2 mg; vit. B12, 15.4 μg; nicotinic acid, 125 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; folic acid, 0.25 mg; biotin, 0.02 mg. Mineral supplement: selenium, 0.1 mg; iron, 40 mg; copper, 12 mg; zinc, 120 mg; magnesium, 100 mg; iodine, 2.5 mg; cobalt 0.75 mg
Raw matters for feedstuff and contributions
Moringa forage meal (%)
0
20
Corn meal
57.75
44.77
Soy bean meal (44% CP)
27.92
22.55
Moringa meal
-
20
Vegetal oil
2.30
2.30
Dicalcium phosphate
1.70
1.76
Calcium carbonate
8.86
7.15
Salt
0.25
0.25
DL- methionine
0.22
0.22
Premix1
1.00
1.00
Crude Protein
17
17
Metabolizable energy, MJ/kg
11.65
10.90
Available phosphorus, %
0.40
0.40
Total calcium, %
3.80
3.80
Methionine + Cystine, %
0.73
0.73
Lysine, %
0.86
0.85
Threonine, %
0.62
0.62
Tryptophan, %
0.21
0.22
Crude fiber, %
2.49
4.58
Se controló el índice de puesta, consumo de alimento por ave por día y peso de los huevos. La pigmentación de la yema se determinó mediante el abanico Roche. Se calculó el alimento necesario para producir un huevo.
Para el procesamiento estadístico de los resultados de ambos experimentos se utilizó el programa INFOSTAT, versión 2012 (
Se realizó análisis de covariable para las variables largo del tarso, al inicio y 18 semanas de edad. Se determinó el peso vivo a las 18 semanas de edad, ganancia media de la etapa y conversión. Se tomó como variable concomitante el peso inicial.
En las
Este comportamiento demuestra que las dietas con harina de forraje de moringa lograron satisfacer las necesidades nutritivas de las aves White Leghorn L33 de reemplazo, entre las 9 y 18 semanas de edad. Según
Indicators
Moringa forage meal (%)
SE ±
Sig.
0
10
15
20
Liveweight at 18 weeks, g
1269
1256
1237
1248
29
P=0.8854
Intake from 9 to 18 weeks, g
4238
4436
4504
4447
95
P=0.2453
Tarsus length, mm
89.19
88.42
89.34
88.40
0.57
P=0.5241
Indicators (from 9 to 18 weeks)
Moringa forage meal (%)
Sig. Treat.
Sig. Covariable
0
10
15
20
Weight gain, g
591 ± 29
593 ± 30
564 ± 29
570 ± 29
P=0.8585
P=0.0236
Food conversion
7.27 ± 0.47
7.74 ± 0.48
8.09 ± 0.46
7.89 ± 0.47
P=0.6481
P=0.0386
En este estudio, independientemente de que aumentó el contenido de fibra bruta en las dietas utilizadas, no sobrepasó 5 %. Las aves de reemplazo de ponedoras asimilaron este aporte para su crecimiento y desarrollo.
En la
a,b different letters in the same line indicate significant differences for P<0.05
Indicator
Moringa forage meal (%)
SE ±
Sig.
0
10
15
20
Liver , g
27.44
26.44
26.67
24.56
1.93
P=0.7511
Abdominal fat, g
13.11b
8.56ab
3.33a
4.56a
2.05
P=0.0084
Oviduct, g
5.89
4.22
5.67
6.44
1.94
P=0.8694
Ovary, g
0.89
1.33
1.11
0.56
0.47
P=0.6881
De acuerdo con
La pigmentación de la yema de los huevos a las 26 semanas de edad fue mayor con 20 % de harina de moringa en la dieta. Según lo planteado por
Indicators
Moringa forage meal (%)
SE ±
Sig.
0
20
Laying, %
93.57
93.57
1.05
0.9999
Intake, g/animal/d
106
109
1
0.0480
g of feedstuff/egg
113
118
12
0.6740
Egg weight, g
49
50
1
0.3824
Yolk pigmentation
4
6
0.2
0.0001
En la
Indicator
Moringa forage meal (%)
0
20
Crude protein, g
18.02
18.53
Metabolizable energy, kcal
295
284
Crude fiber, g
2.64
4.99
Available phosphorus, mg
424
436
Total calcium, g
4.03
4.14
Methionine + cystine, mg
774
796
Lysine, mg
912
927
Threonine, mg
657
676
Tryptophan, mg
223
240